Cen, K.

Dietze, V.

Ling, H.

Münkel, C.

Norra, S.

Schleicher, N.

Schnelle-Kreis, J.

Schrader, S.

Schäfer, K.

Shao, L.

Shen, R.

Suppan, P.

Tang, G.

Wang, Y.

Xin, J.

Yu, Y.

English

KITopen

KIT – University of the State of Baden-Württemberg and National Large-scale Research Center of the Helmholtz Association www.kit.edu INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE RESEARCH, DEPARTMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (IMK-IFU)   K. Schäfer*1, Y. Wang2, S. Norra3, 4, R. Shen1, J. Xin2, H. Ling2, G. Tang2, C. Münkel5, N. Schleicher4, Y. Yu4, J. Schnelle-Kreis6, L. Shao7, V. Dietze8, K. Cen9, S. Schrader4, P. Suppan1  1 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Department of Atmospheric Environmental Research (KIT/IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 2 Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), LAPC, Beijing, P. R. China 3 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Geography and Geoecology (KIT/IGG), Karlsruhe, Germany 4 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry (KIT/IMG), Karlsruhe, Germany 5 Vaisala GmbH, Hamburg, Germany 6 Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Cooperation Group “Analysis of Complex Molecular Systems”, Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Neuherberg, Germany 7 China University of Mining and Technology (CUMTB), Department of Resources and Earth Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China  8 German Meteorological Service (DWD), Research Center of Human Biometeorology, Air Quality Department, Freiburg, Germany  9 China University of Geosciences (CUGB), State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Beijing, P. R. China 10 University of Rostock (UR), Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Rostock, Germany  • Challenges  • Scientific questions  • Process studies  • Conclusions, outlook Influences from weather versus  emission reductions to improve air quality 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) Challenges   Changing NO2/NOx ratios in ambient air  Threshold exceedances - sustainable reduction of NO2, PM10, PM2.5  Load, character and sources of ultrafine particles (UFP) in urban background  Air pollutants and health impact • Which pollutants are relevant? • Which concentrations/exposures influence health impacts? 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) Scientific questions for air quality in Beijing Origin of frequently occurring air pollution events  Origin of pollutants and especially PM - urban agglomerations are one of the most important sources for PM  Aeolian mineral dust originated from West and Northwest  during storm events – can carry pollutants and nutrients Source: www.nasa.gov Source: www.nasa.gov Desert areas in China Sandy deserts and lands Gobi deserts 1. Taklimakan Shao 2. Gurbantunggut Shamo 3. Kumtag Shamo 4. Qaidam Basin Shamo 5. Badain Jaran Shamo 6. Tengger Shamo 7. Ulan Buh Shamo 8. Hobq Shamo 9. Mu Us Shadi 10. Hunshandake Shadi 11. Horqin Shadi 12. Hulun Buir Shadi 13. Turpan Depression Shamo 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) Local and regional wind systems - can bring fresh air masses and limit air pollution: westerly wind directions  Role of mixing layer height - mountains are West to North  Heat island effect Scientific questions for air quality in Beijing Beijing area Source: www.openstreetmap.org 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) First Second Third The Badaling motorway  tower: meteorology, air quality; DOAS 04/09 – 03/11: NO2, NO, SO2, O3, NH3, benzene, toluene, xylene, HCHO; ceilometer: MLH Air quality process studies in Beijing Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), LAPC: monitoring at 325 m tower Optical remote sensing: Ceilometer Vaisala LD40 or CL31 wave length: 855 or 910 nm range:           4000 m resolution:    10 or 7.5 m 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)  Air quality process studies in Beijing  Daily PM2.5 filter sampling by 2 HVS  DHA80 at CUGB, 06/10 – 06/11 by KIT/IMK-IFU Main and trace elements analyzed by PEDXRF (Polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence) from KIT/IMG  10 - 20 m distance to  PM2.5 weekly MVS and LVS by  KIT/IMG and  passive sampling by DWD Meteorological data: IAP, ZBAA IAP CUGB N ZBAA 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) Wind influences in Beijing Whole year Summer 2010 Autumn  2010 Winter  2010 Spring 2011 Summer 2011 Influences upon NO2, CO, PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations in the order of 20 % 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) Desert dust clouds, winds from West, dry air   Evaluations in Beijing Higher particulate loads during winds from South-West   MLH > 1000 m: often multiple layering, < 1000 m: often one layer High PM2.5 load (40 – 140 µg/m3): MLH much lower than 1000 m 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) Mixing layer height - air quality  Beijing: Influence of MLH upon element mass concentrations  If the origin of the elements is  • the soil this source dominates the concentrations   (Al, K and Ca no MLH influence),  • the traffic and industry the air transport dominates   (no MLH influence in higher altitudes) and  • a widespread area source the MLH dominates (Cu, Zn)  Augsburg, Germany: NO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5:  MLH influence 20 - 50 % PNC / PMC 100 - 500 nm diameter: MLH influence max 45 % 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) Variation of Fe, Ti and Ba in Beijing Highest in April because of dust storm (originated from Gobi desert) and re-suspended road dust  Dust events: different natural sources -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 2010.06.21 2010.07.21 2010.08.21 2010.09.21 2010.10.21 2010.11.21 2010.12.21 2011.01.21 2011.02.21 2011.03.21 2011.04.21 2011.05.21 2011.06.21 Normalized element mass concentration Date Fe Ti Ba 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) Variation of Zn, As and Pb in Beijing Fossil fuel combustion (oil and coal combustion) and waste incineration, lowest in January - Spring Festival holidays Haze days: highest PM mass concentration from anthropogenic activities, air pollution event during all seasons -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2010.06.21 2010.07.21 2010.08.21 2010.09.21 2010.10.21 2010.11.21 2010.12.21 2011.01.21 2011.02.21 2011.03.21 2011.04.21 2011.05.21 2011.06.21 Normalized element mass concentration Date Zn As Pb 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)  Wind conditions influence urban air quality -> contribution of surrounding emissions: e.g. source apportionment of PM2.5  MLH influenced by future climate change – quality of living in cities  Only holistic and multidisciplinary approaches provide a deeper understanding  We have to investigate  Traffic emissions and its development (e.g. UFP, BC)  Feedback mechanisms climate change & air quality   Consequences to human health: PM2.5, PSD -> UFP  Study future developments and recommendations relevant for decision makers and stakeholders to improve air quality and to limit climate change impacts Conclusions 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU)  Regional Climate Change Impact: high resolution climate-chemistry simulations, as done for a 10-years variation in Mexico City    Aerosol Feedback Mechanisms: temperature, humidity, cloudiness and precipitation change   Aerosol Influence on Atmospheric Radiative Characteristics Outlook Forkel, R., etal., 2012: Effect of aerosol-radiation feedback on regional air quality - A case study with WRF/Chem. Atmospheric Environment, 45, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2011.10.009 (special issue about the AQMEII initiative) 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) Acknowledgements  I like to thank my colleagues Renate Forkel, Rüdiger Grote, Stefan Emeis, Carsten Jahn and Maria Hoffmann from the working group “Regional coupling of ecosystem-atmosphere coupling” headed by Peter Suppan as well as Rudi Meier and Nicolas Brüggemann, now with FZJ, for fruitful cooperation.  We like to thank for financial support within the frame of two start-up projects KIT centre Climate and Environment as well as State Baden-Württemberg, Helmholtz Graduate School for Climate and Environment (GRACE) at KIT and CSC for fellowships 11th Urban Environment Symposium  Karlsruhe, Germany, 16 - 19 September 2012 Klaus Schäfer Institute for  Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU) Thank you very much for your attention 

Influences from weather versus emission reductions to improve air quality

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/230088382/3816167

Influences from weather versus emission reductions to improve air quality

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