The Myth of Civic Republicanism: Interrogating the Ideology of Antebellum Legal Ethics

Ethicists, historians and sociologists have generally accepted the premise that the legal profession did not offer strong, public defenses of the adversary ethic (ethically neutral service of clients) until after 1870 when professional elites sought to rationalize their role in the rise of corporate capitalism. Prior to 1870, it has been argued, the legal profession was dominated by a civic republican ideology in which lawyers conceived their role as a form of public service dedicated to vindicating the interests of justice and morality even if that meant refusing to seek a client's lawful ends.This paper challenges both claims. Surveying antebellum law periodicals, the article reveals a robust debate on the definition and justifiability of the lawyer's role. In particular, the article examines defenses of the adversary ethic that were both more vigorous and far less apologetic than defenses offered today. Moreover, the article shows that the defenses came from legal elites, not simply Jacksonian levelers, and the defenses were couched in the discourse of civic republicanism - suggesting that morally activist lawyering was not the only conception of the role thought to be consistent with civic republican principles

Estimating unsteady aerodynamic forces on a cascade in a three-dimensional turbulence field

An analytical method has been developed to estimate the unsteady aerodynamic forces caused by flow field turbulence on a wind tunnel turning vane cascade system (vane set). This method approximates dynamic lift and drag by linearly perturbing the appropriate steady state force equations, assuming that the dynamic loads are due only to free stream turbulence and that this turbulence is homogeneous, isotropic, and Gaussian. Correlation and unsteady aerodynamic effects are also incorporated into the analytical model. Using these assumptions, equations relating dynamic lift and drag to flow turbulence, mean velocity, and vane set geometry are derived. From these equations, estimates for the power spectra and rms (root mean squared value, delta) loading of both lift and drag can be determined

Thin plate buckling mitigation and reduction challenges for naval ships

Thin plate buckling or distortion on ship structures is an ongoing issue for shipbuilders. It has been identified that a significant number of factors can be put in place based on prior knowledge and good practice. Additionally, research work aimed at reducing thin plate distortion has been relatively prolific, particularly in the area of simulation modelling. However, the uptake in the research findings by industry has been relatively low. A number of these findings are discussed and their application considered. For any further reductions in thin plate distortion to be generated there is a clear need for better interaction between the research institutes and the industry

OPTIMAL DIETARY BLENDING FOR HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA: LESSONS FROM PUBLISHED DATA

The study estimates the optimal dietary intake of Lagos State residents. Analysis of the available data indicates over-consumption of all nutrients which suggests that the common nutrition related health problems in Lagos State could be attributed to excessive nutrient in-take. Consumption at the optimal level would ensure adequate nutrients at a cost within people's income limitations. The results however revealed the inadequacies of using published data for the analysis. An independent diet recall survey is therefore recommended.Food Security and Poverty,