Experimental investigation of emission from a light duty diesel engine utilizing urea spray SCR system

Stringent pollutant regulations on diesel-powered vehicles have resulted in the development of new technologies to reduce emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The urea Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) system and Lean NOx Trap (LNT) have become the two promising solutions to this problem. Whilst the LNT results in a fuel penalty due to periodic regeneration, the SCR system with aqueous urea solution or ammonia gas reductants could provide a better solution with higher NOx reduction efficiency. This thesis describes an experimental investigation which has been designed for comparing the effect NOx abatement of a SCR system with AdBlue urea spray and ammonia gas at 5% and 4% concentration. For this study, a SCR exhaust system comprising of a diesel particulate filter (DPF), a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and SCR catalysts was tested on a steady state, direct injection 1998 cc diesel engine. It featured an expansion can, nozzle and diffuser arrangement for a controlled flow profile for CFD model validation. Four different lengths of SCR catalyst were tested for a space velocity study. Chemiluminescence (CLD) based ammonia analysers have been used to provide high resolution NO, NO2 and NH3 measurements across the SCR exhaust system. By measuring at the exit of the SCR bricks, the NO and NO2 profiles within the bricks were found. Comparison of the measurements between spray and gas lead to insights of the behaviour of the droplets upstream and within the SCR bricks. From the analysis, it was deduced that around half to three quarters of the droplets from the urea spray remain unconverted at the entry of the first SCR brick. Approximately 200 ppm of potential ammonia was released from the urea spray in the first SCR brick to react with NOx. The analysis also shows between 10 to 100 ppm of potential ammonia survived through the first brick in droplet form for cases from NOx-matched spray input to excess spray. Measurements show NOx reduction was complete after the second SCR bricks. Experimental and CFD prediction showed breakthrough of all species for the short brick with gas injection due to the high space velocity. The long brick gas cases predictions gave reasonable agreement with experimental results. NO2 conversion efficiency was found higher than NO which contradicts with the fast SCR reaction kinetics. Transient response was observed in both cases during the NOx reduction, ammonia absorption and desorption process. From the transient analysis an estimate of the ammonia storage capacity of the bricks was derived. The amount of ammonia slippage was obtained through numerical integration of the ammonia slippage curve using an excel spreadsheet. Comparing the time constant for the spray and gas cases, showed a slightly faster time response from the gas for both NOx reduction and ammonia slippage

INVESTIGATION OF ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION LEVEL OF SI ENGINE RUNNING WITH DIFFERENT RON FUEL GRADES

Abstract—This paper discuss about engine performance and emission characteristic produced by gasoline vehicle by using different type of RON fuel grades and brands. This investigation involves engine performance test using chassis dynamometer and emission measurement with portable combustion analyzer. In the engine performance analysis, the engine first is tested using chassis dynamometer with different type of RON fuel grades (RON 95, RON97) from different manufacturers. Chassis dynamometer test will show the engine performance graph which includes power, torque and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Next, the emission test is performed to validate and compare the data of emission level produced by vehicle. This emission test will run in condition of vehicle on idle and running by using chassis dynamometer with different type of RON fuel grades and brands. In this project the standard procedure of fuel and emission testing using chassis dynamometer have been successfully established. At the end of the project, results will show which type of RON fuel grades and brands produced higher engine performance, better fuel economy and less emission level. Further experimental test could be implemented utilizing engine dynamometer to obtain better result for fuel testing with improved instrumentation control

Strategic Research Partnership on Automotive Powertrain & Fuels in Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka & Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Malaysia has been known as one of the competitive automotive manufacturers and consumers in the ASEAN region. This is as a result of the government initiative of promoting the automotive industry as one of the key industries in Malaysia. However, depleting fuel sources, unstable oil price (Yr 2008, USD50/barrel – Yr 2011, USD100/barrel) and the increasing climate problems have prompt major research and development works on optimum automotive powertrain technologies with reduced emissions. Among the universities in the Malaysia Technical University Network (MTUN), three universities - Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia (UTeM) & Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) - have take up the challenge in championing R & D works in producing efficient powertrain and emissions control systems. In this paper, existing research efforts and a proposed strategic partnership are outlined. This initiative will focus on strengthening the research and consultancy capabilities that include utilization of research facilities and expertise among the universities. It is also expected that the outcomes from the partnership will foster better engagement between automotive related industries and universities, at the same time resolving the related R & D issues

Proposal for hybrid passive cooling system of batteries In the electric car

This paper addresses the challenges faced by Electric Vehicle (EV) thermal management system and proposed a method to overcome them. Due to the non existence of internal combustion engine (ICE) in EV, the driving mechanisms of conventional cooling system need to be revamped. Therefore, in this paper a combination of liquid cooled, air cooled and phase change material (PCM) cooling system was introduced. The main heat dissipation from EV was identified coming from electric motor, battery module and the electronics controller and components. As this is a preliminary study, the reliability and sustainability of the system need to be further investigated. The investigation would include the, simulation and modeling of heat dissipated from the EV and also the cooling capacity of the proposed cooling system

Emissions of a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Operating with Ethanol

The conventional software of GT-Power is used to simulate a single cylinder diesel engine. The diesel engine is simulated to study the engine emission when the engine is operating with ethanol as alternative fuel. The simulation results were compared with the data from the diesel engine operating with mineral diesel The simulations are conducted at full load condition for the engine operating with ethanol and mineral diesel. It is found that the emission of diesel engine operating with ethanol is higher as compared to mineral diesel

Hardware in the Loop Simulation of Active Front Wheel Steering control for yaw disturbance rejection

This paper introduces an Active Front Wheel Steering (AFWS) control for the purpose of reducing unwanted yaw motion. Side wind forces are considered to be the sources of yaw disturbance in this study. The proposed control strategy for the AFWS is a lateral directional control with yaw rate feedback. The AFWS controller was implemented on Hardware in the Loop Simulation (HiLS) using an AFWS test rig. From the simulation and experimental results, AFWS control is able to perform the task of yaw disturbance attenuation by providing additional steering correction for maintaining the original direction of the vehicle. Keywords: active front wheel steering; side wind force; yaw cancellation; HiLS; vehicle safety

Effect of Lubrication Environments on Wear Performance of Ball Bearing Materials

From the past researches, wear of materials are effectively reduced by different gas lubrications. However, researches on this topic are not much explored. Thus, in this study, the wear performance of a ball bearing material sliding in air with O2- or N2-gas blows were investigated using a systematic approach, which is Taguchi method

Development of Formula Varsity Race Car Chassis

Three chassis designs have been developed using commercial computer aided design (CAD) software. The design is based on the specifications of UTeM Formula VarsityTM 2012 (FV2012). The selection of the design is derived from weighted matrix which consists of reliability, cost, time consumption and weight. The score of the matrix is formulated based on relative weighted factor among the selections. All three designs are then fabricated using selected materials available. The actual cost, time consumption and weight of the chassis’s are compared with the theoretical weighted scores. Standard processes of cuttings, fittings and welding are performed in chassis mock up and fabrication. The chassis is later assembled together with suspension systems, steering linkages, brake systems, engine system, and drive shaft systems. Once the chassis is assembled, the studies of driver’s ergonomic and part accessibility are performed. The completion in final fittings and assembly of the race car and its reliability demonstrate an outstanding design for manufacturing (DFM) practices of the chassis

Experimental Study on Friction and Wear Behaviors of Ball Bearings under Gas Lubricated Conditions

Friction and wear behaviors of ball bearings made from carbon-chrome steel were experimentally simulated using a modified ball-on-disc tribometer. The test was performed over a broad range of applied loads (W), sliding velocities (v) and sliding distances (L) under gas lubricated conditions using a Taguchi method. The results found that gas blown to the sliding surfaces in air effectively reduced the coefficient of friction as compared with the air lubrication at higher applied load, sliding speed and sliding distance. In addition, a specific wear rate is constant throughout the tests under gas lubricated conditions. However, under air lubrication, the specific wear rate decreases with increasing applied load, sliding speed and sliding distance. By using the optimal design parameters, a confirmation test successfully verify the N2-gas lubrication reduced average coefficient of friction and simultaneously improved wear resistance about 24% and 50%, respectively. This is in accordance with a significant reduction of wear scar diameter and smoother worn surface on a ball

Experimental Study on Friction and Wear Behaviors of Bearing Material under Gas Lubricated Conditions

Friction and wear behaviors of ball bearings made from carbon-chrome steel were experimentally simulated using a modified ball-on-disc tribometer. The test was performed over a broad range of applied loads (W), sliding velocities (v) and sliding distances (L) under gas lubricated conditions using a Taguchi method. The results found that gas blown to the sliding surfaces in air effectively reduced the coefficient of friction as compared with the air lubrication at higher applied load, sliding speed and sliding distance. In addition, a specific wear rate is constant throughout the tests under gas lubricated conditions. However, under air lubrication, the specific wear rate decreases with increasing applied load, sliding speed and sliding distance. By using the optimal design parameters, a confirmation test successfully verify the N2-gas lubrication reduced average coefficient of friction and simultaneously improved wear resistance about 24% and 50%, respectively. This is in accordance with a significant reduction of wear scar diameter and smoother worn surface on a ball