Diurnal variations of BrONO₂ observed by MIPAS-B at midlatitudes and in the Arctic

The first stratospheric measurements of the diurnal variation in the inorganic bromine (Bry) reservoir species BrONO2 around sunrise and sunset are reported. Arctic flights of the balloon-borne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS-B) were carried out from Kiruna (68° N, Sweden) in January 2010 and March 2011 inside the stratospheric polar vortices where diurnal variations of BrONO2 around sunrise have been observed. High nighttime BrONO2 volume mixing ratios of up to 21 pptv (parts per trillion by volume) were detected in late winter 2011 in the absence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). In contrast, the amount of measured BrONO2 was significantly lower in January 2010 due to low available NO2 amounts (for the build-up of BrONO2), the heterogeneous destruction of BrONO2 on PSC particles, and the gas-phase interaction of BrO (the source to form BrONO2) with ClO. A further balloon flight took place at midlatitudes from Timmins (49° N, Canada) in September 2014. Mean BrONO2 mixing ratios of 22 pptv were observed after sunset in the altitude region between 21 and 29 km. Measurements are compared and discussed with the results of a multi-year simulation performed with the chemistry climate model ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC). The calculated temporal variation in BrONO2 largely reproduces the balloon-borne observations. Using the nighttime simulated ratio between BrONO2 and Bry, the amount of Bry observed by MIPAS-B was estimated to be about 21–25 pptv in the lower stratosphere

Pollution trace gases C₂H₆, C₂H₂, HCOOH, and PAN in the North Atlantic UTLS: observations and simulations

Measurements of the pollution trace gases ethane (C2H6), ethyne (C2H2), formic acid (HCOOH), and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) were performed in the North Atlantic upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere (UTLS) region with the airborne limb imager GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere) with high spatial resolution down to cloud top. Observations were made during flights with the German research aircraft HALO (High Altitude and LOng Range Research Aircraft) in the frame of the WISE (Wave-driven ISentropic Exchange) campaign, which was carried out in autumn 2017 from Shannon (Ireland) and Oberpfaffenhofen (Germany). Enhanced volume mixing ratios (VMRs) of up to 2.2 ppbv C2H6, 0.2 ppbv C2H2, 0.9 ppbv HCOOH, and 0.4 ppbv PAN were detected during the flight on 13 September 2017 in the upper troposphere and around the tropopause above the British Isles. Elevated quantities of PAN were measured even in the lowermost stratosphere (locally up to 14 km), likely reflecting the fact that this molecule has the longest lifetime of the four species discussed herein. Backward trajectory calculations as well as global three-dimensional Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) simulations with artificial tracers of air mass origin have shown that the main sources of the observed pollutant species are forest fires in North America and anthropogenic pollution in South Asia and Southeast Asia uplifted and moved within the Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA) circulation system. After release from the AMA, these species or their precursor substances are transported by strong tropospheric winds over large distances, depending on their particular atmospheric lifetime of up to months. Observations are compared to simulations with the atmospheric models EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) and CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service). These models are qualitatively able to reproduce the measured VMR enhancements but underestimate the absolute amount of the increase. Increasing the emissions in EMAC by a factor of 2 reduces the disagreement between simulated and measured results and illustrates the importance of the quality of emission databases used in chemical models

The Hannover consultation liaison model: Some empirical findings

Starting from the definitions concerning the concepts 'Liaison medicine' and 'Consultative Psychiatry' we begin with remarks with regard to the Consultation Liaison-Situation in West Germany on the basis of the key-words 'Brief history', 'Independent university units with regard to Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics as well as the connected organization' and 'Teaching procedures'. Following it the Hannover Consultation Liaison model is presented particularly with regard to both the psychosomatic inpatient ward including the functional organization and psychotherapeutic processes as well as the so-called 'Innere Ambulanz' which includes the consultation liaison services in the clinico-medical departments outside Psychiatry and Psychosomatics. Within the 'Innere Ambulanz', which is closely connected to our psychosomatic inpatient ward, the consultation liaison activities and the resulting supportive psychotherapeutic strategies are performed by student auxiliary therapists who are interested in completing their 4-5 months internship-time in our department. We describe both the three supportive psychotherapeutic steps, which may last months to years including subsequent dynamically psychotherapeutic strategies as well as the reactions of the auxiliary therapist function on the students. Furthermore, we may state that there exists no one more optional education procedure of graduate students than the student's confrontation with his partial self-responsibility vis-à-vis a patient who is being supportive-psychotherapeutically treated by him. Specific empirical proofs concerning our patient oriented consultation liaison activities are demonstrated on the basis of previous psychotherapeutic findings in Crohn patients. Here we are able to demonstrate the effectivity of psychotherapy in the case of the supplementarily psychotherapeutically treated patients in comparison to the patients who received medical therapy only. Finally we are able to present quantitative clinico-medical inpatient needs with regard to consultation liaison activities starting from our 'Innere Ambulanz'. On the basis of our conservative estimate, 31-42% of patients showed severe psychosomatic or psychic symptoms who should be treated by psychological means in addition to the medical treatment.

Long-term intercomparison of MIPAS additional species ClONO2, N2O5, CFC-11, and CFC-12 with MIPAS-B measurements

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) aboard the environmental satellite ENVISAT is a limb-viewing Fourier-transform emission spectrometer working in the mid-infrared spectral region between 685 cm-1 and 2410 cm-1 [...

First flight of the mid-infrared limb-imaging interferometer GLORIA on a stratospheric balloon

GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere) is a limb-imaging Fourier-Transform spectrometer (iFTS) providing radiances of the thermal infrared emission of atmospheric species. The nominal wavelength range is from 780 to1400 cm-1 with a spectral sampling of 0.0625 cm-1. GLORIA-B is an adaption of the airborne GLORIA instrument to stratospheric balloon platforms. It has performed its first flight from ESRANGE/Northern Sweden in August 2021 during the KLIMAT 2021 campaign in the framework of the EU Research Infrastructure HEMERA.The maiden flight of GLORIA-B has proven its technical qualification and has provided a first imaging hyperspectral limb-emission dataset from 5 to 36 km altitude. Scientific objectives are, amongst others, the observation of the evolution of the upper tropospheric and stratospheric chlorine and nitrogen budget/family partitioning in a changing climate in combination with the set of 20 MIPAS-B (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric sounding-balloon) flights since the mid-1990ies, the observation of photochemically active trace gases during sunset and sunrise, as well as the quantification of pollution of the Arctic upper troposphere/lower stratosphere, e.g. through forest fires.In this contribution we will demonstrate the performance of GLORIA-B with regard to level-1 (calibrated spectra) as well as level-2 data, consisting of retrieved altitude profiles of a variety of trace gases. These retrievals will be thoroughly characterized as well as compared to externally available datasets (e.g. from simultaneous AirCore observations)

Balloon-borne GLORIA hyperspectral Limb and Nadir imager in the LWIR

The GLORIA-B (Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere - Balloon) instrument is an adaptation of the very successful GLORIA-AB imaging Fourier transform spectrometer (iFTS) flown on the research aircrafts HALO and M55 Geophysica. The high spectral resolution in the LWIR (Long Wave Infrared) allows for the retrieval of temperature and of a broad range of atmospheric trace gases, with the goal to retrieve O3, H2O, HNO3, C2H6, C2H2, HCOOH, CCl4, PAN, ClONO2, CFC-11, CFC-12, SF6, OCS, NH3, HCN, BrONO2, HO2NO2, N2O5 and NO2. The radiometric sensitivity of the Balloon instrument is further increased in comparison with the GLORIA-AB instrument by having two detector channels on the same focal plane array, while keeping the same concept of a cooled optical system. This system improvement was achieved with minimal adaptation of the existing optical system.The high spatial and temporal resolution of the instrument is ensured by the imaging capability of the Fourier transform spectrometer while stabilizing the line-of-sight in elevation with the instrument and in azimuth with the balloon gondola. In a single measurement lasting 13 seconds, the atmosphere can be sounded from mid-troposphere up to flight altitude, typically 30 km, with a vertical resolution always better than 1 km for most retrieved species; a spatial resolution up to 0.3 km can be achieved in favourable conditions. Temperature retrieval precision between 0.1 and 0.2 K is expected. A spectral sampling up to 0.0625 cm-1 can be achieved.The first flight of GLORIA-B shall take place during the late-summer polar jet turn-around at Kiruna/ESRANGE. This flight is organised in the frame of the HEMERA project and was scheduled for summer 2020, but was ultimately postponed to summer 2021. Beyond qualification of the first balloon-borne iFTS, the scientific goals of the flight are, among others, the quantification of the stratospheric bromine budget and its diurnal evolution by measuring vertical profiles of BrONO2 in combination with BrO observations by the DOAS instrument of University Heidelberg on the same platform.</p

Pollution trace gases C₂H₆, C₂H₂, HCOOH, and PAN in the North Atlantic UTLS: observations and simulations

Measurements of the pollution trace gases ethane (C2H6), ethyne (C2H2), formic acid (HCOOH), and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) were performed in the North Atlantic upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere (UTLS) region with the airborne limb imager GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere) with high spatial resolution down to cloud top. Observations were made during flights with the German research aircraft HALO (High Altitude and LOng Range Research Aircraft) in the frame of the WISE (Wave-driven ISentropic Exchange) campaign, which was carried out in autumn 2017 from Shannon (Ireland) and Oberpfaffenhofen (Germany). Enhanced volume mixing ratios (VMRs) of up to 2.2 ppbv C2H6, 0.2 ppbv C2H2, 0.9 ppbv HCOOH, and 0.4 ppbv PAN were detected during the flight on 13 September 2017 in the upper troposphere and around the tropopause above the British Isles. Elevated quantities of PAN were measured even in the lowermost stratosphere (locally up to 14 km), likely reflecting the fact that this molecule has the longest lifetime of the four species discussed herein. Backward trajectory calculations as well as global three-dimensional Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) simulations with artificial tracers of air mass origin have shown that the main sources of the observed pollutant species are forest fires in North America and anthropogenic pollution in South Asia and Southeast Asia uplifted and moved within the Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA) circulation system. After release from the AMA, these species or their precursor substances are transported by strong tropospheric winds over large distances, depending on their particular atmospheric lifetime of up to months. Observations are compared to simulations with the atmospheric models EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) and CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service). These models are qualitatively able to reproduce the measured VMR enhancements but underestimate the absolute amount of the increase. Increasing the emissions in EMAC by a factor of 2 reduces the disagreement between simulated and measured results and illustrates the importance of the quality of emission databases used in chemical models

Observations of internal gravity waves in vicinity of jet streams during SouthTRAC flight on 16 September 2019

The combination of the airborne GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere) and ALIMA (Airborne LIdar for Middle Atmosphere research) instruments allows for probing of temperature perturbations associated with gravity waves within the range from the troposphere up to the mesosphere. Both instruments were part of the scientific payload of the German HALO (High Altitude and LOng Range Research Aircraft) during the SouthTRAC-GW (Southern hemisphere Transport, Dynamics, and Chemistry - Gravity Waves) mission, aiming at probing gravity waves in the hotspot region around South America and the Antarctic peninsula. For the research flight on 16 September 2019, complex temperature perturbations attributed to internal gravity waves were forecasted well above the Atlantic to the south-west of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The forecasted temperature perturbations were located in a region where the polar front jet stream met with the subtropical jet, with the polar night jet above. We present temperature perturbations observed by GLORIA and ALIMA during the discussed flight and compare the data with ECMWF IFS (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts &#8211; Integrated Forecasting System) high-resolution deterministic forecasts, aiming at validating the IFS data and identifying sources of the observed wave patterns.</p