Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Piper as Anticancer Agents : A Review

Cancer has become the primary cause of death worldwide, and anticancer drugs are used to combat this disease. Synthesis of anticancer drugs has limited success due to adverse side effects has made compounds from natural products with minimal toxicity gain much popularity. Piper species are known to have a biological effect on human health. The biological activity is due to Piper species rich with active secondary metabolites that can combat most diseases, including cancer. This review will discuss the phytochemistry of Piper species and their anticancer activity. The identification and characterization of ten active metabolites isolated from Piper species were discussed in detail and their anticancer mechanism. These metabolites were mainly found could inhibit anticancer through caspase and P38/JNK pathways. The findings discussed in this review support the therapeutic potential of Piper species against cancer due to their rich source of active metabolites with demonstrated anticancer activit

Cytotoxic xanthones isolated from calophyllum depressinervosum and calophyllum buxifolium with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities

The stem bark of Calophyllum depressinervosum and Calophyllum buxifolium were extracted and examined for their antioxidant activities, together with cytotoxicity towards human cancer cells. The methanol extract of C. depressinervosum exhibited good DPPH and NO scavenging effects. The strongest BCB inhibition and FIC effects were shown by dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of both species. Overall, DPPH, FRAP and FIC assays showed strong correlation with TPC. For cytotoxicity, hexane extract of C. depressinervosum possessed the strongest anti-proliferative activities towards SNU-1 cells while the hexane extract of C. buxifolium showed the strongest activity towards LS-174T and K562 cells with the IC values ranging from 7 to 17 μg/mL. The purification of plant extracts afforded eight xanthones, ananixanthone (1), caloxanthone B (2), caloxanthone I (3), caloxanthone J (4) xanthochymone B (5), thwaitesixanthone (6), 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone (7) and dombakinaxanthone (8). All the xanthones, except 1 were reported for the first time from both Calophyllum species. The xanthones were examined for their cytotoxic effect against K562 leukemic cells. Compounds 1 and 2 showed strong cytotoxicity with the IC values of 2.96 and 1.23 μg/mL, respectively. The molecular binding interaction of 2 was further investigated by performing molecular docking study with promising protein receptor Src kinase

Natural product compounds from Calophyllum depressinervosum

Our detailed study on the phytochemistry of the stem bark of Calophyllum depressinervosum resulted in the isolation of four xanthones and one coumarin. The xanthones are trapezifolixanthone (1), macluraxanthone (2), ananixanthone (3), caloxanthone C (4) and the coumarin calonolide E2 (5). The structures of these compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic analysis such as 1D and 2D-NMR, GCMS, IR and UV

Isolation and structural modifications of ananixanthone from Calophyllum teysmannii and their cytotoxic activities

Two naturally occurring xanthones, ananixanthone (1) and β-mangostin (2), were isolated using column chromatographic method from the nhexane and methanol extracts of Calophyllum teysmannii, respectively. The major constituent, ananixanthone (1), was subjected to structural modifications via acetylation, methylation and benzylation yielding four new xanthone derivatives, ananixanthone monoacetate (3), ananixanthone diacetate (4), 5-methoxyananixanthone (5) and 5-Obenzylananixanthone (6). Compound 1 together with its four new derivatives were subjected to MTT assay against three cancer cell lines; SNU-1, K562 and LS174T. The results indicated that the parent compound has greater cytotoxicity capabilities against SNU-1 and K562 cell lines with IC50 values of 8.97 ± 0.11 and 2.96 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 5 on the other hand exhibited better cytotoxicity against LS174T cell line with an IC50 value of 5.76 ± 1.07 μg/mL

Cytotoxic xanthones isolated from Calophyllum depressinervosum and Calophyllum buxifolium with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities

The stem bark of Calophyllum depressinervosum and Calophyllum buxifolium were extracted and examined for their antioxidant activities, together with cytotoxicity towards human cancer cells. The methanol extract of C. depressinervosum exhibited good DPPH and NO scavenging effects. The strongest BCB inhibition and FIC effects were shown by dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of both species. Overall, DPPH, FRAP and FIC assays showed strong correlation with TPC. For cytotoxicity, hexane extract of C. depressinervosum possessed the strongest anti-proliferative activities towards SNU-1 cells while the hexane extract of C. buxifolium showed the strongest activity towards LS-174T and K562 cells with the IC50 values ranging from 7 to 17 μg/mL. The purification of plant extracts afforded eight xanthones, ananixanthone (1), caloxanthone B (2), caloxanthone I (3), caloxanthone J (4) xanthochymone B (5), thwaitesixanthone (6), 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone (7) and dombakinaxanthone (8). All the xanthones, except 1 were reported for the first time from both Calophyllum species. The xanthones were examined for their cytotoxic effect against K562 leukemic cells. Compounds 1 and 2 showed strong cytotoxicity with the IC50 values of 2.96 and 1.23 μg/mL, respectively. The molecular binding interaction of 2 was further investigated by performing molecular docking study with promising protein receptor Src kinase

Solvent effect on the phenolic compounds and biological activity of difference Morinda citrifolia root extract

Cancer and antimicrobial resistance have become a threat to global health and development. This work aimed to identify the biological activities and phenolic compounds content of different Morinda citrifolia L. root extracts. The relationship between biological activities and phenolic content was also discussed. All extracts were screened for antioxidant activity using anti-oxidant assays (FRAP, DPPH, TAOC, ABTS, and BCB) and quantitative phytochemical analyses (TPC). Antimicrobial activity against four bacterial and two fungal strains as well as cytotoxic activities on stomach cancer (SNU-1), colon cancer (LS-174T and HT29), leukemia (K562), and breast cancer (MDA-MB-361) cell lines were also performed. With a value of 122.789 g of gallic acid equivalent/mg extract,the dichloromethane extract had the highest total phenolic content (TPC). The extract also showed high antioxidant activities in all the antioxidant assays and antimicrobial activity. The FRAP (r2 = 0.962) as well as antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (r2 = 0.708), Bacillus subtilis (r2 = 0.890) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (r2 = 0.870) were strongly correlated with the total phenolic content. The LS-174T, K562, HT-29, and MDA-MB-361 cytotoxic activities were also strongly correlated with the total phenolic content with r2 = -0.899, -0.845, -0.981, and -0.978, respectively. The results obtained suggested that the dichloromethane extract of Morinda citrifolia has high biological activity compared to other extracts

Solvent Effect on the Phenolic Compounds and Biological Activity of Difference Morinda citrifolia Root Extract

Cancer and antimicrobial resistance have become a threat to global health and development. This work aimed to identify the biological activities and phenolic compounds content of different Morinda citrifolia L. root extracts. The relationship between biological activities and phenolic content was also discussed. All extracts were screened for antioxidant activity using anti-oxidant assays (FRAP, DPPH, TAOC, ABTS, and BCB) and quantitative phytochemical analyses (TPC). Antimicrobial activity against four bacterial and two fungal strains as well as cytotoxic activities on stomach cancer (SNU-1), colon cancer (LS-174T and HT29), leukemia (K562), and breast cancer (MDA-MB-361) cell lines were also performed. With a value of 122.789 g of gallic acid equivalent/mg extract, the dichloromethane extract had the highest total phenolic content (TPC). The extract also showed high antioxidant activities in all the antioxidant assays and antimicrobial activity. The FRAP (r2 = 0.962) as well as antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (r2 = 0.708), Bacillus subtilis (r2 = 0.890) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (r2 = 0.870) were strongly correlated with the total phenolic content. The LS-174T, K562, HT-29, and MDA-MB-361 cytotoxic activities were also strongly correlated with the total phenolic content with r2 = -0.899, -0.845, -0.981, and -0.978, respectively. The results obtained suggested that the dichloromethane extract of Morinda citrifolia has high biological activity compared to other extracts

Morindone from morinda citrifolia as a potential antiproliferative agent against colorectal cancer cell lines

There is an increasing demand in developing new, effective, and affordable anti-cancer against colon and rectal. In this study, our aim is to identify the potential anthraquinone compounds from the root bark of Morinda citrifolia to be tested in vitro against colorectal cancer cell lines. Eight potential anthraquinone compounds were successfully isolated, purified and tested for both in-silico and in-vitro analyses. Based on the in-silico prediction, two anthraquinones, morindone and rubiadin, exhibit a comparable binding affinity towards multitargets of β-catenin, MDM2-p53 and KRAS. Subsequently, we constructed a 2D interaction analysis based on the above results and it suggests that the predicted anthraquinones from Morinda citrifolia offer an attractive starting point for potential antiproliferative agents against colorectal cancer. In vitro analyses further indicated that morindone and damnacanthal have significant cytotoxicity effect and selectivity activity against colorectal cancer cell lines

Chemical profile and antimicrobial activity of essential oil and methanol extract from peels of four Durio zibethinus L. varieties

Durio zibethinus L. (durian) belongs to the Malvaceae family. It is known as the “King of Tropical Fruit” because of its unique characteristics. The edible part of durian, however, is only about 33% of the fruit while the non-edible parts such as the seed and peels (rinds) are considered as fruit waste responsible for environmental pollution. Thus, the present study was carried out to compare the percentage yields and volatile components from methanol extract and essential oils of the peels of four varieties of durian (Raja Kunyit [D197], Hajah Hasmah [D168], Sultan [D24], and Golden Bun [D13]). The antimicrobial activity of all the extracts and their volatile chemical constituents were also evaluated. Cold maceration was used for the solvent (methanol) extraction. The essential oil extraction was carried out using hydro-distillation and solventfree microwave extraction (SFME) methods. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against selected microbes using the well difusion method while the characterization of chemical constituents in the essential oils and crude methanolic extracts was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The highest yields of essential oils were obtained from D24 which were 0.030% and 0.014% from SFME and hydro-distillation extraction, respectively, while the highest and most signifcant (p<0.05) yield of methanol extract (8.79%) was obtained from D197. From the GC–MS analysis, butanoic acid was the major compound in the essential oil of durian peels in the four varieties of durians evaluated. Besides butanoic acid, 1-tridecene, 1-pentadecene, and 1-heptadecene were also present in the four varieties. The D168 possesses strong activity against three bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). More novel extraction techniques, bioactivity assays, and characterization are, however, recommended to further explore the potential benefts of durian peels

Morindone from Morinda citrifolia as a potential antiproliferative agent against colorectal cancer cell lines

There is an increasing demand in developing new, effective, and affordable anti-cancer against colon and rectal. In this study, our aim is to identify the potential anthraquinone compounds from the root bark of Morinda citrifolia to be tested in vitro against colorectal cancer cell lines. Eight potential anthraquinone compounds were successfully isolated, purified and tested for both in-silico and in-vitro analyses. Based on the in-silico prediction, two anthraquinones, morindone and rubiadin, exhibit a comparable binding affinity towards multitargets of β-catenin, MDM2-p53 and KRAS. Subsequently, we constructed a 2D interaction analysis based on the above results and it suggests that the predicted anthraquinones from Morinda citrifolia offer an attractive starting point for potential antiproliferative agents against colorectal cancer. In vitro analyses further indicated that morindone and damnacanthal have significant cytotoxicity effect and selectivity activity against colorectal cancer cell lines