Application of Acoustic Emission Technique to Monitor the Viscosity of Single Grade Diesel Engine Lubricant Oil.

This paper presents an investigation of the capability of the acoustic emission (AE) technology in the processes of monitoring and detecting the variation of diesel engine lubricant viscosity via in-situ operation. The investigations were conducted on an 8.5-hp single cylinder of four strokes with a water cooling diesel engine. One single grade engine lubricant oil condition has been put to the test; namely, SAE 40. The lubrication condition in the diesel engine was successfully monitored based on the AE signatures generated by the interaction between the piston surface and the layer of the lubricant during the time that the engine was in operation. The generated AE signatures were captured using an AE wide band transducer that was bonded outside the engine block and located at the lower part of the bottom dead centre (BDC). The captured waveform signatures were then analysed using the MATLAB software. The results of the experimental works show that the statistical analysis parameters including the root-mean-square (rms), maximum amplitude and AE energy values are capable of distinguishing the variant of the viscosity. The AE technique can assist the owner of the diesel engine in determining the diesel engine lubricant oil condition before replacing it

Penerapan seni bina Istana Lama Seri Menanti dalam reka bentuk bangunan Pejabat Daerah Seremban

The infusion of traditional architectural elements into modern buildings allows us to inherit past architecture for the reference of future generations. This study focuses on buildings designed by architects that applies traditional features. This encompasses regional architecture emphasizing on local elements, environment and weather conditions. Additionally, this study employs a case study method centred upon the Seremban District Office, considering its similarity to that of Seri Menanti Old Palace. An observation method through exploratory study is also adopted to study the design of district offices in other areas of Negeri Sembilan to explore the applications of traditional architecture into its building design. In assessing the application of traditional design on modern buildings, this study examines its building plan, site plan, front view (facade) and its internal layout of the building design. Respective building‟s architects were interviewed to obtain an ideas during the design process of the district office buildings in Seremban, particularly to identify the elements that was most emphasized. Results of the study showed that the site plan design and the front side has an open space area and the symmetrical building plan of the Seri Menanti Ancient Palace are present in the building plan of the Seremban District Office, but differ in terms of material usage and size. A space hierarchy is also evident in its building front design. The elements applied to the building were shape, repetition of columns and windows. There are also similarities in the roof, but the construction has used a combination of new materials. In its interior design, the architect has applied an element of surprise in its central building space by constructing a high ceiling to give the effect of height and proportions echoed by the Seri Menanti Ancient Palace. Results of this study is adopted to prepare a general guideline that may act as a reference to the relevant authorities prior to designing modern buildings applying elements of traditional architecture

The innovation of cotton fiber from recycled cloth as coloring agent for polypropylene via injection moulding

Plastics can be coloured in many different ways. In the present application, the colouring agent that is used in the plastic industries are the dyes and pigments. Both methods are sustantially different and produce specific results. Dyes are defined as colourants that are (completely) soluble in a polymer at the processing temperature. Pigments are organic or inorganic solid particles that are insoluble in polymers..

Hubungan kelikatan minyak enjin terhadap usia guna serta suhu

Kelikatan minyak enjin bergred tunggal mengalami perubahan apabila berlakunya perubahan pada suhu dan tekanan. Namun begitu, secara realiti kelikatan minyak enjin juga mengalami perubahan terhadap usia guna. Oleh itu, kajian ini memperkenalkan satu hubungan kelikatan minyak enjin terhadap perubahan suhu serta usia guna. Hubungan ini berasaskan kepada persamaan matematik empirik yang melibatkan teori pelincir Newtonan dan bukan Newtonan. Hubungan yang baru ini dikenali sebagai model kelikatan matematik (ηmath). Dalam model ini, kelikatan minyak enjin dipengaruh oleh dua faktor iaitu faktor suhu (ks) dan faktor masa (km). Nilai kedua-dua faktor ini bergantung kepada formula bahan tambah minyak enjin tersebut. Analisis reologi meter likat telah digunakan untuk mendapatkan nilai kedua-dua faktor ini. Hasil kajian menunjukkan kelikatan minyak enjin mengalami penurunan apabila usia guna meningkat. Ini dibuktikan melalui model kelikatan matematik (ηmath) dan juga analisis reologi meter likat

The Influence of Perpatih Custom on the Design of Traditional Malay Houses in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

The migration of the community of Minangkabau to Tanah Melayu had brought with them several influences into the local community such as culture and architecture. A significant cultural essence that had influenced the community in Negeri Sembilan is Pepatih Custom which is still practiced by the community nowadays. It plays various roles in the people’s lives including unity, family units according to the “suku”, marriages, deaths and how to inherit land and houses. In designing the traditional Malay houses in Negeri Sembilan, the family activities, as well as the community as a whole are thoroughly considered. A house is not perceived only as a place to stay but also a gathering place for other occasions such as weddings, funerals and deaths. The private and public areas are separated harmoniously from the aspects of architecture and religion. The strength of the design of the traditional Malay houses is also frequently depicted in verses and proverbs in the system of Pepatih Custom that relates to “kuat rumah kerana sendi rosak sendi rumah binasa” which means the community has to stand together in whatever situation and if they do not they will be weak and chaotic. Just like the role of “sendi” or joints of a house, they have to be designed perfectly because if the joints are loosely built the whole structure of the house would collapse. Keywords: Minangkabau, Perpatih Custom, traditional malay house, Negeri Sembila

Classification Of Abnormal Cervical Cells Using Hierarchical Multilayered Perceptron Network.

The paper discusses the use of neural network to classify the types of cervical cells based on Bethesda system; which are normal, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). The current study proposed new neural network architecture, namely hierarchical multilayered perceptron (HiMLP) network

Contrast Enhancement Image Processing Technique On Segmented Pap Smear Cytology Images.

Contrast is one of the factors that influence the accuracy of interpretation of cervical cancer cells on Pap smear images by pathologist. Blur and highly affected by unwanted noise on Pap smear images could give rise in false diagnosis rate

EVALUATION OF SEAT VIBRATION SOURCES IN DRIVING CONDITION USING SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

Seat vibration is one of the major causes of discomfort in moving vehicle. Tyre, engine, drivetrain and aerodynamic forces excite the cabin and interior through various pathways. In this paper, the contributions of tyre and engine vibration to seat excitations are studied. Virtual Source Analysis (VSA) is implemented to decompose the source signals into incoherent phenomena. Studying these phenomena (virtual sources) shows the amount and frequency bands that physical sources affect the seat vibration as the response channel. Experiment is conducted while riding on smooth and bumpy roads. Road roughness is characterized using International Roughness Index (IRI). VSA technique approve that tyre is the main source of seat vibration for the moving vehicle. Seat vibration has significant values below 400 Hz and tyre is found to be the dominant source of excitations for both smooth and bumpy roads. For smooth road, strong engine harmonics below 200 Hz also has some involvements. But in bumpy road, tyre vibration rise up and become the dominant broadband source of excitations. Tyre damper and engine mount Frequency Response Function (FRF) analysis show that these parts are designed to be highly efficient below 1400 Hz and 200 Hz, respectively. These ranges are identical with those that were found as the critical operational frequency spans in VSA

Distribution of tetrodotoxin among tissues of pufferfish from Sabah and Sarawak waters

Puffer fish, mainly from Tetraodontidae family known to possess a neurotoxin or tetrodotoxin (TTX) which can cause a puffer fish poisoning and adverse effect to human health. In current study, the tetrodotoxin (TTX) concentration in different tissues (liver, skin, muscle) of 14 species of puffer fish from Sabah and Sarawak waters were analysed and determined by application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Overall, extracted toxin for all specimens were shown to be toxic with result more than 0.2 μg/g as calculated based on TTX standard curve. Among the tissues, liver were found to be highest in TTX concentration (91.0 μg/g), followed by muscle (51.1 μg/g) and skin (6.87 μg/g). Moreover, TTX concentrations among puffer fish species were significantly differences (p<0.05) with Arothron immaculatus (275 μg/g) showed highest mean value, while the lowest value was detected in Lagocephalus lunaris (4.92 μg/g). From this finding, LC-MS/MS application could be a potential tools to determine the TTX and advisedly used as a procedure in screening of seafood for monitoring program. Furthermore, baseline data of TTX levels in selected puffer fish from the study could be important information and used as guideline in order to mitigate puffer fish poisoning cases especially in East Malaysia waters