Formulation of Liquorice Root Extract (Glycyrrhiza Glabra L.) as Skin Whitening Cream

Liquorice root extract (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) contains glabridin, an isoflavane as inhibitors of tyrosinase. This enzyme is responsible in melanin synthesis. The aim of this research was to determine the tyrosinase inhibition activity of liquorice root extract and to formulate into a cream with a variety of emulsifier agent glyceryl monostearate. Liquorice root was macerated using ethanol 96%, invitro tyrosinase inhibition assay was conducted using kojic acid as positive control in 96-well plate. The physical quality parameters of the cream were also evaluated. The results showed that liquorice root extract inhibits tyrosinase with the IC50 126.75 µg/mL. Creams containing 1.01% liquorice root extract were yellowish white, aromatics odour, soft texture, homogen and no segregation in O/W emulsion type. It also showed plastic thixotropic rheological property, viscosity of (2800±0.00) – (4000±0.00) Ps, spreadability of (3029.72±0.81) – (3531.79±6.15)mm2, droplet size of (60.00±0.00) – (65.12±0.01)μm, pH of (4.55±0.03)–(4.63±0.04) and inhibited tyrosinase 10.14 - 19.30%. It can be concluded that the formula with 0.1% of glyceryl monostearate was the best formula that conforms physical quality test and potentially to be developed as a skin whitening cream

To Connect is to Be Influenced: What Determines a Third-party’s Forgiveness Attitudes to Conflicting Groups’ Violent Partisan Members

The present research sought to answer the question of what determines an uninvolved third party’s forgiveness attitudes to conflicting groups’ violent partisan members. Specifically, Bangladeshi participants read a fictitious interview with a radicalized Palestinian who declared his intention to avenge himself against Israelis for his personal and collective plight by carrying out a suicide bombing attack. Findings revealed that an empathy manipulation (high empathy = other focused or low empathy = objective focused) influenced participants’ forgiveness attitudes towards the radicalized Palestinian such that in the high empathy condition participants were more forgiving of the target than participants in the low empathy condition. Moreover, while the strength of their religious identification (Islam) played no significant role, participants’ tendency to attribute the target’s decision to situational factors fully mediated the effects of empathy on forgiveness

Non-Typhoid Salmonella Causes Food-borne Diseases: Its Prevention and Control

Non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) is a pathogenic bacteria causing gastroenteritis in humans which is transmitted through animals and contaminated animal products with Salmonella typhimurium or Salmonella enteritidis. Many cases of NTS infection in humans have been reported in the world, however most people in Indonesian are generally more familiar with Salmonella typhoid, which is caused by Salmonella typhoid and Salmonella paratypoid. Gastroenteritis due to NTS infection seldom requires antimicrobial treatment. If there is no post-infectious complications such as septicemia, reactive arthritis or aortic aneurysm. Eggs, chicken meat, raw milk and other animal products contaminated with NTS are a source of transmission through food (food-borne pathogens). An estimated 1-3% of pets carry NTS without causing illness. Control of NTS infection is difficult because Salmonella is tolerant to environmental stresses, widely spread, resistant to several types of antibiotics and has the ability to adapt. The application of strict biosecurity on farms is conducted through surveillance and monitoring so that it can  prevent the contamination of livestock products and their derivatives, hence, it can prevent the transmission of NTS to humans. This paper provides information on NTS in animal and human prevention and control

Animal Welfare Ethics in Research and Testing: Implementation and its Barrier

Animals have an important role in research and testing to improve human and animal health. Animal usage must be balanced between science and ethical values of animal welfare. This paper discusses the role of IACUC, the implications of animal welfare for research, animal ethical clearance and obstacles in the implementation of animal welfare. Institution of Animal Care Use Committee (IACUC) has an important role to ensure that researcher has animal ethical clearance before conducting research and testing. Research and testing using animal should comply with ethical principles: respect, beneficiary and justice; 3Rs principles: Replacement, Reduction, Refinement and 5F/Freedom: freedom from hunger and thirst, heat and discomfort, pain, trauma and disease, fear and stress and expressing behavior naturally. The application of animal ethics clearance in Indonesia in research using animals is compulsary in various institutions, However thera are several barriers in its implementation, Those are: not all research institutions have IACUC, lack of awareness of researchers to apply for animal ethical clearance, reluctant to IACUC requirements, lack of facilities animals that meet animal welfare requirements and lack of competence in animal handling according to animal welfare

Identification of Dynamics Modal Parameter for Car Chassis

This paper explores and investigates the dynamic characteristics of car chassis structure by using experimental modal analysis (EMA) method and modal testing. Dynamic characteristics are divided into three parameters include natural frequency, damping factor and mode shape. In this study, modal testing was performed on the car chassis including the impact hammer and shaker test. Data analyzer was used to convert the response signal from the sensor, which was in the time domain to frequency domain. Result obtained from both methods, is compared on each axis (X, Y and Z axis). However, small discrepancy was observed in terms of natural frequency, which is within the range of 5%. Based on the results, interpretation and comparison were made for both methods

Pengaruh Rata-rata Nilai Risk Priority Number Pada Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Terhadap Availability Unit Cat Oht 773d

Off HighwayTruck 773D Direkayasa untuk menghasilkan kinerja, dan dirancang untuk mengha-silkan Kenyamanan,dibangun untuk tahan lama. Dikembangkan secara khusus untuk aplikasi pertambangan, quarry dan konstruksi, 773D menjaga material tetap berpindah pada volume tinggi untuk menurunkan biaya per ton. 773D dirancang untuk menghasilkan payload penuh dan waktu siklus yang cepat. Ketika dipasangkan dengan tepat, truk Cat dan alat pemuat menciptakan kombinasi yang efisien untuk memaksimalkan volume material yang dipindahkan pada biaya pengoperasian yang paling rendah. Sebagai peralatan OHT dituntut harus selalu handal (reliability) dan mempunyai availability yang tinggi, sehingga dapat meningkatkan produktivitas angkutan material.Kinerja (performance) dari suatu mesin tergantung pada; reliability dan availability peralatan yang digunakan, lingkungan operasi, efisiensi pemeliharaan, proses operasi dan keahlian operator, dan lain-lain. Jika reliability dan availability suatu sistem rendah, maka USAha untuk meningkatkannya kembali adalah dengan menurunkan laju kegagalan atau meningkatkan efektifitas perbaikan terhadap tiap-tiap komponen atau sistem. Ukuran reliability dan availability dapat dinyatakan sebagai seberapa besar kemungkinan suatu sistem tidak akan mengalami kegagalan dalam waktu tertentu, berapa lama suatu sistem akan beroperasi dalam waktu tertentu, dan berapa cepat waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk memulihkan kondisi sistem dari kegagalan yang terjadi.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh Risk Priority Number terhadap availability Alat Berat OHT 773D tersebut yang banyak diaplikasi sebagai sarana angkutan di industri pertambangan batubara khususnya di Kalimantan Selatan sehingga bisa dibuat model persamaan regresinya yang bisa digunakan sebagai patokan memperkiraan nilai availabilty berdasarkan perhitungan nilai RPN. Hasil dari analisa menunjukkan bahwa Hasil pengujian ANOVA dengan menggunakan uji F memperlihatkan juga bahwa F hitung sebesar 1,933 dengan nilai df1 sebesar 1 dan df2 8 diperoleh nilai F tabel adalah 5,32. Dengan kondisi di mana F hitung lebih kecil dari F tabel dan nilai Sig lebih kecil dari 0,05 maka kesimpulan yang dapat diambil adalah menolah Ho, yang berarti koefisien korelasi tidak signifikan secara statistik. Sehingga bisa disimpulkan nilai rata-rata RPN tidak berpengaruh terhadap Availability