531 research outputs found
Recommended from our members
Sense and the city: An Emotion Data Framework for smart city governance
In the smart city agenda, data plays a key role in shaping governance and participation around urban planning, and this data is increasingly derived from sensors of all kinds. These sensors increasingly include physiological and sentiment analysis to gauge the emotional states of urban citizens. In urban planning, emotional data has so far been conceptualised as ‘people as sensors’ where data is used to create an aggregated emotion layer for real-time urban planning. This paper argues this approach does not enable citizens any meaningful participation in urban planning. In contrast, this paper demonstrates what emotion can ‘do’ when citizen actively use emotions to participate in the problem framing in smart city governance. The paper offers a framework of smart city participation with emotion data by focusing on the Bio Mapping project, where physiological sensors are used as participatory mapping approach that led to urban planning. This approach enabled citizens to engage in a dialogue around their emotional response to urban space and articulate the potential for emotion data in urban governance. There needs to be a consideration of 1) multi-dimensional emotion data, 2) an active participant role, 3) extended participation within the planning process 4), and empowerment within urban governance. The paper argues that a participatory approach to emotion data can function as a dynamic leverage point of negotiation in smart city governance between citizens, urban space, and civic agencies
Data Platforms and Cities
This section offers a series of joint reflections on (open) data platform
from a variety of cases, from cycling, traffic and mapping to activism,
environment and data brokering. Data platforms play a key role in contemporary
urban governance. Linked to open data initiatives, such platforms are often
proposed as both mechanisms for enhancing the accountability of administrations
and performing as sites for 'bottom-up' digital invention. Such promises
of smooth flows of data, however, rarely materialise unproblematically.
The development of data platforms is always situated in legal and administrative
cultures, databases are often built according to the standards of existing
digital ecologies, access always involves processes of social negotiation, and
interfaces (such as sensors) may become objects of public contestation. The
following contributions explore the contested and mutable character of open
data platforms as part of heterogeneous publics and trace the pathways of data
through different knowledge, skills, public and private configurations. They
also reflect on the value of STS approaches to highlight issues and tensions as
well as to shape design and governance
Reentrant superconductivity in superconductor/ferromagnetic-alloy bilayers
We studied the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) like state
establishing due to the proximity effect in superconducting Nb/Cu41Ni59
bilayers. Using a special wedge-type deposition technique, series of 20-35
samples could be fabricated by magnetron sputtering during one run. The layer
thickness of only a few nanometers, the composition of the alloy, and the
quality of interfaces were controlled by Rutherford backscattering
spectrometry, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Auger
spectroscopy. The magnetic properties of the ferromagnetic alloy layer were
characterized with superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)
magnetometry. These studies yield precise information about the thickness, and
demonstrate the homogeneity of the alloy composition and magnetic properties
along the sample series. The dependencies of the critical temperature on the Nb
and Cu41Ni59 layer thickness, Tc(dS) and Tc(dF), were investigated for constant
thickness dF of the magnetic alloy layer and dS of the superconducting layer,
respectively. All types of non-monotonic behaviors of Tc versus dF predicted by
the theory could be realized experimentally: from reentrant superconducting
behavior with a broad extinction region to a slight suppression of
superconductivity with a shallow minimum. Even a double extinction of
superconductivity was observed, giving evidence for the multiple reentrant
behavior predicted by theory. All critical temperature curves were fitted with
suitable sets of parameters. Then, Tc(dF) diagrams of a hypothetical F/S/F
spin-switch core structure were calculated using these parameters. Finally,
superconducting spin-switch fabrication issues are discussed in detail in view
of the achieved results.Comment: 34 pages, 9 figure
Profiling invasive Plasmodium falciparum merozoites using an integrated omics approach
The symptoms of malaria are brought about by blood-stage parasites, which are established when merozoites invade human erythrocytes. Our understanding of the molecular events that underpin erythrocyte invasion remains hampered by the short-period of time that merozoites are invasive. To address this challenge, a Plasmodium falciparum gamma-irradiated long-lived merozoite (LLM) line was developed and investigated. Purified LLMs invaded erythrocytes by an increase of 10–300 fold compared to wild-type (WT) merozoites. Using an integrated omics approach, we investigated the basis for the phenotypic difference. Only a few single nucleotide polymorphisms within the P. falciparum genome were identified and only marginal differences were observed in the merozoite transcriptomes. By contrast, using label-free quantitative mass-spectrometry, a significant change in protein abundance was noted, of which 200 were proteins of unknown function. We determined the relative molar abundance of over 1100 proteins in LLMs and further characterized the major merozoite surface protein complex. A unique processed MSP1 intermediate was identified in LLM but not observed in WT suggesting that delayed processing may be important for the observed phenotype. This integrated approach has demonstrated the significant role of the merozoite proteome during erythrocyte invasion, while identifying numerous unknown proteins likely to be involved in invasion
The pressure tensor across a liquid-vapour interface
© 2018, The Authors. Inhomogeneous fluids exhibit physical properties that are neither uniform nor isotropic. The pressure tensor is a case in point, key to the mechanical description of the interfacial region. Kirkwood and Buff and, later, Irving and Kirkwood, obtained a formal treatment based on the analysis of the pressure across a planar surface [J. G. Kirkwood and F. P. Buff, J. Chem. Phys. 17(3), 338 (1949); J. H. Irving and J. G. Kirkwood, J. Chem. Phys. 18, 817 (1950)]. We propose a generalisation of Irving and Kirkwood’s argument to fluctuating, non-planar surfaces and obtain an expression for the pressure tensor that is not smeared by thermal fluctuations at the molecular scale and corresponding capillary waves [F. P. Buff et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 15, 621–623 (1965)]. We observe the emergence of surface tension, defined as an excess tangential stress, acting exactly across the dividing surface at the sharpest molecular resolution. The new statistical mechanical expressions extend current treatments to fluctuating inhomogeneous systems far from equilibrium.European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant No. 247031; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Grant No. EP/L020564
Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of nanoconfined fluids at solidliquid interfaces
We investigate the hydrodynamic properties of a Lennard-Jones fluid confined to a nanochannel using molecular dynamics simulations. For channels of different widths and hydrophilic-hydrophobic surface wetting properties, profiles of the fluid density, stress, and viscosity across the channel are obtained and analysed. In particular, we propose a linear relationship between the density and viscosity in confined and strongly inhomogeneous nanofluidic flows. The range of validity of this relationship is explored in the context of coarse grained models such as dynamic density functional-theory
Bodies Moving and Being Moved: Mapping affect in Christian Nold's Bio Mapping
In A History of Spaces (2004), John Pickles observes that one of the less well-known representational norms of mapping is its focus on ‘natural and physical objects rather than developing universal conventions dealing with symbol, affect and movement.’ New media artist Christian Nold's work has dealt explicitly with two of these cartographic blindspots, grafting new and old technologies that both, in different ways, create bodily traces – the GPS trace of movement and the GSR (galvanic skin response) trace of arousal, often taken as an index of emotional response. Although Nold's socially engaged practice can be placed within the ‘locative media’ genre it also taps into the technological imaginaries around physiological sensors and intimate data. This paper considers Nold's Bio Mapping (2004-) projects in the context of his longstanding concern with social collectives and public space as a field of social relations. Looking at particular maps from Nold's Bio Mapping project, it considers the implications of blending the traces of the body's internal states with the traces produced by locomotive movement, and the relationship between the individuals thus traced and the collectives that Nold seeks to represent. Concurrent with Nold's practice there has been a wave of interest in affect and emotion (and the distinction between them) within the humanities. This paper brings Nold's work into contact with the Deleuzian/Spinozan concept of affect employed in one strand of this writing, drawing in particular on the work of Brian Massumi. Rather than using theory to simply illustrate Nold's practice, it follows the implications of Deleuze's cartographic model of individuation, the logic of which ultimately problematises the very distinction between the two bodily phenomena traced by Nold's device
Cyanobacterial life at low O 2 : community genomics and function reveal metabolic versatility and extremely low diversity in a Great Lakes sinkhole mat
Cyanobacteria are renowned as the mediators of Earth’s oxygenation. However, little is known about the cyanobacterial communities that flourished under the low‐O 2 conditions that characterized most of their evolutionary history. Microbial mats in the submerged Middle Island Sinkhole of Lake Huron provide opportunities to investigate cyanobacteria under such persistent low‐O 2 conditions. Here, venting groundwater rich in sulfate and low in O 2 supports a unique benthic ecosystem of purple‐colored cyanobacterial mats. Beneath the mat is a layer of carbonate that is enriched in calcite and to a lesser extent dolomite. In situ benthic metabolism chambers revealed that the mats are net sinks for O 2 , suggesting primary production mechanisms other than oxygenic photosynthesis. Indeed, 14 C‐bicarbonate uptake studies of autotrophic production show variable contributions from oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis and chemosynthesis, presumably because of supply of sulfide. These results suggest the presence of either facultatively anoxygenic cyanobacteria or a mix of oxygenic/anoxygenic types of cyanobacteria. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing revealed a remarkably low‐diversity mat community dominated by just one genotype most closely related to the cyanobacterium Phormidium autumnale , for which an essentially complete genome was reconstructed. Also recovered were partial genomes from a second genotype of Phormidium and several Oscillatoria . Despite the taxonomic simplicity, diverse cyanobacterial genes putatively involved in sulfur oxidation were identified, suggesting a diversity of sulfide physiologies. The dominant Phormidium genome reflects versatile metabolism and physiology that is specialized for a communal lifestyle under fluctuating redox conditions and light availability. Overall, this study provides genomic and physiologic insights into low‐O 2 cyanobacterial mat ecosystems that played crucial geobiological roles over long stretches of Earth history.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90535/1/j.1472-4669.2012.00322.x.pd
- …