539 research outputs found
Radiative association and inverse predissociation of oxygen atoms
The formation of \mbox{O}_2 by radiative association and by inverse
predissociation of ground state oxygen atoms is studied using
quantum-mechanical methods. Cross sections, emission spectra, and rate
coefficients are presented and compared with prior experimental and theoretical
results. At temperatures below 1000~K radiative association occurs by approach
along the state of \mbox{O}_2 and above 1000~K inverse
predissociation through the \mbox{B}\,{}^3\Sigma_u^- state is the dominant
mechanism. This conclusion is supported by a quantitative comparison between
the calculations and data obtained from hot oxygen plasma spectroscopy.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev. A (Sept. 7., 1994), 19 pages, 4 figures,
latex (revtex3.0 and epsf.sty
Indole-3-carbinol-dependent aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling attenuates the inflammatory response in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) causes significant morbidity and mortality in premature infants; therefore, the identification of therapeutic and preventative strategies against NEC remains a high priority. The ligand-dependent transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is well known to contribute to the regulation of intestinal microbial communities and amelioration of intestinal inflammation. However, the role of AhR signaling in NEC is unclear. Experimental NEC was induced in 4-d-old wild-type mice or mice lacking AhR expression in the intestinal epithelial cells or AhR expression in CD11
Gamma rays and neutrinos from the Crab Nebula produced by pulsar accelerated nuclei
We investigate the consequences of the acceleration of heavy nuclei (e.g.
iron nuclei) by the Crab pulsar. Accelerated nuclei can photodisintegrate in
collisions with soft photons produced in the pulsar's outer gap, injecting
energetic neutrons which decay either inside or outside the Crab Nebula. The
protons from neutron decay inside the nebula are trapped by the Crab Nebula
magnetic field, and accumulate inside the nebula producing gamma-rays and
neutrinos in collisions with the matter in the nebula. Neutrons decaying
outside the Crab Nebula contribute to the Galactic cosmic rays. We compute the
expected fluxes of gamma-rays and neutrinos, and find that our model could
account for the observed emission at high energies and may be tested by
searching for high energy neutrinos with future neutrino telescopes currently
in the design stage.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, LaTeX uses revtex.sty, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Let
Microfluidic device facilitates in vitro modeling of human neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis-on-a-chip
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a deadly gastrointestinal disease of premature infants that is associated with an exaggerated inflammatory response, dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, decreased epithelial cell proliferation, and gut barrier disruption. We describe an in vitro model of the human neonatal small intestinal epithelium (Neonatal-Intestine-on-a-Chip) that mimics key features of intestinal physiology. This model utilizes intestinal enteroids grown from surgically harvested intestinal tissue from premature infants and cocultured with human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells within a microfluidic device. We used our Neonatal-Intestine-on-a-Chip to recapitulate NEC pathophysiology by adding infant-derived microbiota. This model, named NEC-on-a-Chip, simulates the predominant features of NEC, including significant upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, decreased intestinal epithelial cell markers, reduced epithelial proliferation, and disrupted epithelial barrier integrity. NEC-on-a-Chip provides an improved preclinical model of NEC that facilitates comprehensive analysis of the pathophysiology of NEC using precious clinical samples. This model is an advance toward a personalized medicine approach to test new therapeutics for this devastating disease
Interleukin-22 signaling attenuates necrotizing enterocolitis by promoting epithelial cell regeneration
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a deadly intestinal inflammatory disorder that primarily affects premature infants and lacks adequate therapeutics. Interleukin (IL)-22 plays a critical role in gut barrier maintenance, promoting epithelial regeneration, and controlling intestinal inflammation in adult animal models. However, the importance of IL-22 signaling in neonates during NEC remains unknown. We investigated the role of IL-22 in the neonatal intestine under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions by using a mouse model of NEC. Our data reveal tha
Build it, but will they come? A geoscience cyberinfrastructure baseline analsys
Understanding the earth as a system requires integrating many forms of data from multiple fields. Builders and funders of the cyberinfrastructure designed to enable open data sharing in the geosciences risk a key failure mode: What if geoscientists do not use the cyberinfrastructure to share, discover and reuse data? In this study, we report a baseline assessment of engagement with the NSF EarthCube initiative, an open cyberinfrastructure effort for the geosciences. We find scientists perceive the need for cross-disciplinary engagement and engage where there is organizational or institutional support. However, we also find a possibly imbalanced involvement between cyber and geoscience communities at the outset, with the former showing more interest than the latter. This analysis highlights the importance of examining fields and disciplines as stakeholders to investments in the cyberinfrastructure supporting science
Photoswitchable diacylglycerols enable optical control of protein kinase C.
Increased levels of the second messenger lipid diacylglycerol (DAG) induce downstream signaling events including the translocation of C1-domain-containing proteins toward the plasma membrane. Here, we introduce three light-sensitive DAGs, termed PhoDAGs, which feature a photoswitchable acyl chain. The PhoDAGs are inactive in the dark and promote the translocation of proteins that feature C1 domains toward the plasma membrane upon a flash of UV-A light. This effect is quickly reversed after the termination of photostimulation or by irradiation with blue light, permitting the generation of oscillation patterns. Both protein kinase C and Munc13 can thus be put under optical control. PhoDAGs control vesicle release in excitable cells, such as mouse pancreatic islets and hippocampal neurons, and modulate synaptic transmission in Caenorhabditis elegans. As such, the PhoDAGs afford an unprecedented degree of spatiotemporal control and are broadly applicable tools to study DAG signaling
A Search for TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from High-Peaked Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars Using the Whipple Air-Cherenkov Telescope
Blazars have traditionally been separated into two broad categories based
upon their optical emission characteristics; BL Lacs, with faint or no emission
lines, and flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) with prominent, broad emission
lines. The spectral energy distribution of FSRQs has generally been thought of
as being more akin to the low-peaked BL Lacs, which exhibit a peak in the
infrared region of the spectrum, as opposed to high-peaked BL Lacs (HBLs),
which exhibit a peak in UV/X-ray region of the spectrum. All blazars currently
confirmed as sources of TeV emission are HBLs. Recent surveys have found
several FSRQs exhibiting spectral properties similar to HBLs, particularly the
synchrotron peak frequency. These objects are potential sources of TeV emission
according to several models of blazar jet emission and blazar evolution.
Measurements of TeV flux or upper limits could impact existing theories
explaining the links between different blazar types and could have a
significant impact on our understanding of the nature of objects that are
capable of TeV emission. In particular, the presence (or absence) of TeV
emission from FSRQs could confirm (or cast doubt upon) recent evolutionary
models that expect intermediate objects in a transitionary state between FSRQ
and BL Lac. The Whipple 10 meter imaging air-Cherenkov gamma-ray telescope is
well suited for TeV gamma-ray observations. Using the Whipple telescope, we
have taken data on a small selection of nearby(z<0.1 in most cases),
high-peaked FSRQs. Although one of the objects, B2 0321+33, showed marginal
evidence of flaring, no significant emission was detected. The implications of
this paucity of emission and the derived upper limits are discussed.Comment: accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journa
Does accelerating universe indicates Brans-Dicke theory
The evolution of universe in Brans-Dicke (BD) theory is discussed in this
paper.
Considering a parameterized scenario for BD scalar field
which plays the role of gravitational "constant" ,
we apply the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to investigate a global
constraints on BD theory with a self-interacting potential according to the
current observational data: Union2 dataset of type supernovae Ia (SNIa),
high-redshift Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) data, observational Hubble data (OHD),
the cluster X-ray gas mass fraction, the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO), and
the cosmic microwave background (CMB) data. It is shown that an expanded
universe from deceleration to acceleration is given in this theory, and the
constraint results of dimensionless matter density and parameter
are, and
which is consistent with the
result of current experiment exploration, . In
addition, we use the geometrical diagnostic method, jerk parameter , to
distinguish the BD theory and cosmological constant model in Einstein's theory
of general relativity.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure
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