143 research outputs found
Biomass and length distribution for roughhead grenadier, thorny skate and white hake from the surveys conducted by Spain in NAFO 3NO
Data for roughhead grenadier (Macrourus berglax), thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) and white hake (Urophycis tenuis) from the Spanish Spring survey are presented. Abundance and biomass were estimated for roughhead grenadier and thorny skate for the period 1997-2014 and for white hake for the period 2001-2014. The length distribution is presented as numbers per haul stratified mean catches for the last five years (2010-2014). The roughhead grenadier indices showed no discernible trend until 2012, reaching a maximum in 2004 - 2006 and afterwards stabilised at levels slightly higher than in the early years. In the last two years a decline was appreciated in the indices, reaching in 2014 one of the lowest values of the entire time-series. Thorny skate indices follow a large oscillating trend, dropping in 2007 and being since then more or less stables at a low level, reaching the minimum of the series in 2014. White hake indices were highest in 2001 and then showed an overall decreasing trend until 2008 with low values. Indices increased since then until 2013 but declined again in 2014. A small recruitment event was detected in 2005 and in 2013, with individuals between 16 - 26 cm
Ecological trend on demersal community in the Southern Grand Banks (NAFO Div. 3NO) from the Spanish Surveys: 2002-2011
Some ecological indices were calculated from the data obtained in the research surveys conducted by Spain in NAFO divisions 3NO between the years 2002 and 2011. These indices were calculated for individual populations (intrinsic population rate of growth and mean length) and for all the community (ABC curves, indices about faunal diversity, proportion of non-commercial species, mean length in community and size spectra). We use the data of twenty five species caught in the survey along the years, included Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis). The data of Northern shrimp, capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Northern sand lance (Ammodytes dubius) have a great influence in the value of the indices, as their abundance is very high in relation to their contribution to the biomass. The indices present a general stable pattern with a slight improvement in recent years. After two decades of moratorium, yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) seems to be recovered and other important commercial species as Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) begin to recover in the South of the Grand Banks
Yellowtail flounder, redfish (Sebastes spp.) and witch flounder indices from the Spanish Survey conducted in Divisions 3NO of the NAFO Regulatory Area
Since 1995, Spain carries out a spring stratified random bottom trawl survey in Div. 3NO of the NAFO Regulatory Area. Total mean catches, biomass and mean numbers for yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) are presented for the period 1995-2014, for redfish (Sebastes spp.) for the period 1997-2014 and for witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) for the period 2002-2014. Detailed indices are presented from 2009. Yellowtail flounder indices do not show a clear trend. Biomass increased from 1997 to 1999 and then remained almost constant throughout all the period, decreasing slightly in 2014. Redfish indices oscillate greatly over time, probably because the gear does not sample adequately aggregating pelagic species. There was a sharp increase in 2009 and since then has maintained higher values than before 2009, comprising the 3N around the 90% of the total biomass in the last years. In 2014 there was a decrease in all the indices in both Divisions. Good year classes have not been registered recently. Witch flounder is very scarce and its indices show a general decreasing trend throughout the period (2002-2014) remaining at very low levels. Recruitment was quite good at the beginning of the series but very poor in recent years
Persistence and Variation on the Groundfish Assemblages on Flemish Cap (NAFO Divisions 3M): 2004-2013
Data from the EU (Spain-Portugal) bottom trawl surveys in the Division 3M of the NAFO Regulatory Area (2004-2013) were analyzed to examine patterns on this zone of groundfish assemblage structure and diversity in relation to depth. 1699 hauls between 129 and 1460 m in depth were carried out. We focused on the 29 most abundant species, which made up 87.5% of the catch in terms of biomass.
Assemblage structure was strongly correlated with depth. For the most part, changes in assemblages seem to be fairly continuous, although there were more abrupt changes at 600 m. Three main assemblages were identified. A shallow assemblage was found in the shelf. Assemblage I (Shallow) comprises the strata with depths lesser than 250 m and include American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Assemblage II (Intermediate) includes the strata with depths between 251 and 600 m and comprises Acadian redfish (Sebastes fasciatus), Arctic eelpout (Lycodes reticulates), thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata), longfin hake (Phycis chesteri), deepwater redfish (Sebastes mentella), spinytail skate (Bathyraja spinicauda) and Northern wolffish (Anarichas denticulatus). Three species are present in the two first assemblages: Atlantic wolffish (Anarichas lupus), golden redfish (Sebastes marinus) and spotted wolffish (Anarichas minor). Assemblage III (Deep) contains the depth strata greater than 601 m. Marlin-spike (Nezumia bairdii), scaly dragonfish (Stomias boa), Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), sloane’s viperfish (Chaulonius sloani), black dogfish (Centroscyllium fabricii), Snubnosed spiny eel (Notacanthus chemitzii), roughhead grenadier (Macrourus berglax), roundnose grenadier (Coryphaenoides rupestris), blue antimora (Antimora rostrata), threadfin rockling (Gaidropsarus ensis), bean’s sawtoothed eel (Serrivomer beanii), Northern cutthroat eel (Syphanobranchus kaupii), lanternfish (Lampanyctus sp), vahls’s eelpout (Lycodes vahlii), Arctic skate (Amblyraja hyperborea) and Demon catshark (Apristurus sp) formed Assemblage III. Despite dramatic changes in biomass and abundance of the species in the area, the boundaries and composition of the assemblages seem to be similar to the period before the collapse. Extending depth range to 1460 m, no another boundaries were found. Although some changes were evident, the main ones were replacements of the dominant species in several assemblages and bathymetric range extension of distribution of some species. Acadian redfish and golden redfish appear to be the dominant species in the shallowest assemblage instead of Atlantic cod that were dominant in the period before the collapse in the area; redfish is the dominant species in the second shallow and intermediate assemblages.
Diversity appears inversely related to biomass in the different assemblages. Despite the collapse in some species and the permanent fishing activity target to the North Shrimp (Pandalus borealis), redfish (Sebastes spp) and Greenland halibut, the overall pattern of demersal fish assemblages remains similar over time. This pattern is similar in other Atlantic areas; it indicates that changes in the fish populations in Northwest Atlantic have been produced on a large scale and are not limited to specific areas
Persistence and Variation on the Groundfish Assemblages on the Southern Grand Banks (NAFO Divisions 3NO): 2002–2011
Data from EU-Spain (Instituto Español de OceanografĂa) bottom trawl surveys in the NAFO Regulatory Area (2002–2011) were analyzed to examine patterns on the South of Grand Banks (NAFO Div. 3NO) of groundfish assemblage structure and diversity in relation to depth. The 1160 hauls from the slope surveys spanned between 38 and 1460 m in depth. We focused on the 28 most abundant species, which made up 92.6% of the catch in terms of biomass.
Assemblage structure was strongly correlated with depth. For the most part, changes in assemblages seem to be fairly continuous, although there were more abrupt changes at 300 m. Five assemblages were identified. Two shallow assemblages were found in the shelf. Assemblage I (Shallow) comprises the strata with depths lesser than 150 and include yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), Northern sand lance (Ammodytes dubius), moustache sculpin (Triglops murrayi), capelin (Mallotus villosus) and web sculpin (Hemitripterus americanus). Assemblage II (Shallow) includes the strata with depths between 151 and 300 m and comprises Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), American angler (Lophius americanus), wolfish (Anarichas lupus) and thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata). Assemblage III (Intermediate) contains the depth strata between 301 and 600 m. Redfish (Sebastes spp.), spotted wolfish (Anarhichas minor), Arctic eelpout (Lycodes reticulatus), Northern wolfish (Anarhichas denticulatus), white hake (Urophycis tenuis), witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) and longfin hake (Phycis chesteri) were included in the intermediate assemblage. Finally, we found two deep clusters: Assemblage IV (Deep) contains the depths between 601 and 1000 m, and Assemblage V (Deep) the depth strata greater than 1001 m. Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), marlin-spike (Nezumia bairdii), roughhead grenadier (Macrourus berglax) and spinytail skate (Bathyraja spinicauda) formed Assemblage IV. Snubnosed spiny eel (Notacanthus chemnitzii), blue antimora (Antimora rostrata), Northern cutthroat eel (Syphanobranchus kaupii), roundnose grenadier (Coryphaenoides rupestris), black dogfish (Centroscyllium fabricii), Arctic skate (Amblyraja hyperborean) and longnose chimera (Harriotta raleighana) made up the deepest assemblage. Despite dramatic changes in biomass and abundance of the species in the area, the boundaries and composition of the assemblages seem to be similar to the period before the collapse. Although some changes were evident, the main ones were replacements of the dominant species in several assemblages and bathymetric range extension of distribution of some species. Yellowtail flounder appears to be the dominant species in the shallowest assemblage instead of Atlantic cod and American plaice that were dominant in the period before the collapse in the area; redfish is the dominant species in the second shallow and intermediate assemblages.
Diversity appears inversely related to biomass in the different assemblages. Despite the fishing effort in the deep waters of the Grand Banks, the overall pattern of demersal fish assemblages remains similar over time. This pattern is similar in other Atlantic areas; it indicates that changes in the fish populations in Northwest Atlantic have been produced on a large scale and are not limited to specific areas
Results for Greenland halibut, American plaice and Atlantic cod of the Spanish survey in NAFO Div. 3NO for the period 1997-2014
Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) indices from the bottom trawl survey that Spain carries out in Spring since 1995 in Div. 3NO of the NAFO Regulatory Area are presented. Biomass, stratified mean catches and mean number per tow for the three species are presented since 1997, year in which the survey extended the depth strata. Mean catch per town, length distribution and age distribution are presented for the last five years (2010-2014). Greenland halibut biomass and abundance estimates presented a decreasing trend since 1999, cut in year 2007 with an increase, reaching in 2009 the highest value in the series. In 2011the biomass drops under the 2008 value, being stable since then. In last years it can be seen a presence of juveniles, mainly in 2004, but the greatest lengths have failed, although in 2009 there is a quite good presence of individuals of ages 6-7 and in 2010 between 5-7. In 2011-2014 the presence of all ages is poor. For American plaice we can see an increasing trend along the whole period, reaching a maximum of mean catch and number in 2006. The greatest recruitment in the presented series occurred in 2004 and we can follow their mode along the years. No good recruitments were seen since then. For Atlantic cod it can be seen a general decreasing in the biomass between 2002 and 2005 and an increasing since then, especially in 2006 and, higher, in 2009-2011, decreasing again in 2012-2013 but reaching the maximum in the series in 2014. In 2007-2008 the youngest length classes were much over the rest of the length classes. With the 2006 cohort the series reaches the maximum number of its historical values at five years in 2011. There have been no good recruitments since 2009
Methane emission, milk yield and behavior of ewes kept on pastures or supplemented with concentrate based on corn grain or whole cottonseed
ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate methane emission, milk yield and behavior of ewes kept exclusively on irrigated pasture of Tifton 85 grass (Cynodon spp.) or supplemented with ground corn or whole cottonseed (WCS) based concentrates. Twelve Lacaune x Santa Ines ewes (43.07±0.83 kg of body weight, 77±24 days after parturition, on average) were distributed in replicated 3x3 Latin square. Treatments consisted of three diets: pasture (no concentrate supplementation); corn (pasture + corn-based supplement); whole cottonseed (pasture + whole cottonseed-based supplement), offering 0.5 kg/ewe/day. The WCS group showed the highest concentrate dry matter intake (DMI) (p=0.049) and crude protein (CP) intake (p=0.001) compared to the others. There was no difference on total DMI (p=0.115) for the tested diets. Animals exclusively kept on pasture had the greatest forage DMI (p=0.004), lowest CP digestibility (p=0.015), showed longer grazing time (p=0.01) and shorter idle time (p=0.01) compared to the supplemented groups. Milk yield (0.36 kg/ewe/day) (p=0.15) and methane emission (33.12 g/ewe/day) (p=0.95) were similar for all three evaluated groups. Supplementation with concentrate based on corn or whole cottonseed does not improve productive performance nor decrease methane emission. However, lactating ewes kept exclusively in pasture show longer grazing time, without changes in milk yield and methane emission
Integrating Economic Costs And Biological Traits Into Global Conservation Priorities For Carnivores
Background: Prioritization schemes usually highlight species-rich areas, where many species are at imminent risk of extinction. To be ecologically relevant these schemes should also include species biological traits into area-setting methods. Furthermore, in a world of limited funds for conservation, conservation action is constrained by land acquisition costs. Hence, including economic costs into conservation priorities can substantially improve their conservation cost-effectiveness. Methodology/Principal Findings: We examined four global conservation scenarios for carnivores based on the joint mapping of economic costs and species biological traits. These scenarios identify the most cost-effective priority sets of ecoregions, indicating best investment opportunities for safeguarding every carnivore species, and also establish priority sets that can maximize species representation in areas harboring highly vulnerable species. We compared these results with a scenario that minimizes the total number of ecoregions required for conserving all species, irrespective of other factors. We found that cost-effective conservation investments should focus on 41 ecoregions highlighted in the scenario that consider simultaneously both ecoregion vulnerability and economic costs of land acquisition. Ecoregions included in priority sets under these criteria should yield best returns of investments since they harbor species with high extinction risk and have lower mean land cost. Conclusions/Significance: Our study highlights ecoregions of particular importance for the conservation of the world's carnivores defining global conservation priorities in analyses that encompass socioeconomic and life-history factors. We consider the identification of a comprehensive priority-set of areas as a first step towards an in-situ biodiversity maintenance strategy. © 2009 Loyola et al.48Margules, C.R., Pressey, R.L., Systematic conservation planning (2000) Nature, 405, pp. 243-253Margules, C.R., Sarkar, S., (2007) Systematic conservation planning, , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 278 pCowling, R.M., Pressey, R.L., Rouget, M., Lombard, A.T., A conservation plan for a global biodiversity hotspot - the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa (2003) Biol Conserv, 112, pp. 191-216Smith, R.J., Goodman, P.S., Matthews, W.S., Systematic conservation planning: A review of perceived limitations and an illustration of the benefits, using a case study from Maputaland, South Africa (2006) Oryx, 40, pp. 400-410Loyola, R.D., Kubota, U., Lewinsohn, T.M., Endemic vertebrates are the most effective surrogates for identifying conservation priorities among Brazilian ecoregions (2007) Divers Distrib, 13, pp. 389-396Dinerstein, E., (1995) A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean, , Washington DC: WWF and the World Bank. 129 pBurgess, D.N., (2004) Terrestrial ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A conservation assessment, , Washington: Island Press. 483 pLoyola, R.D., Becker, C.G., Kubota, U., Haddad, C.F.B., Fonseca, C.R., Hung out to dry: Choice of priority ecoregions for conserving threatened Neotropical anurans depends on life-history traits (2008) PLoS ONE, 3 (5), pp. e2120. , doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002120Loyola, R.D., Oliveira, G., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Lewinsohn, T.M., Conservation of Neotropical carnivores under different prioritization scenarios: Mapping species traits to minimize conservation conflicts (2008) Divers Distrib, 14, pp. 949-960Loyola, R.D., Kubota, U., Fonseca, G.A.B., Lewinsohn, T.M., Key Neotropical ecoregions for conservation of terrestrial vertebrates (2009) Biodivers Conserv, 18, pp. 2017-2031Mittermeier, R.A., Robles-Gil, P., Hoffman, M., Pilgrim, J., Brooks, T., (2004) Hotspots revisited: Earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions, , Mexico City: CEMEX. 392 pOlson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., The Global 200: Priority ecoregions for global conservation (2002) Ann Miss Bot Gard, 89, pp. 199-224Bode, M., Wilson, K.A., Brooks, T.M., Turner, W.R., Mittermeier, R.A., Cost-effective global conservation spending is robust to taxonomic group (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, pp. 6498-6501Brooks, T.M., Mittermeier, R.A., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Gerlach, J., Hoffmann, M., Global biodiversity conservation priorities (2006) Science, 313, pp. 58-61Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Brooks, T.M., Pilgrim, J.D., Konstant, W.R., Wilderness and biodiversity conservation (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, pp. 10309-10313Stattersfield, A.J., Crosby, M.J., Long, A.J., Wege, D.C., (1998) Endemic bird areas of the world: Priorities for biodiversity conservation, , Cambridge: BirdLife International. 846 pCardillo, M., Mace, G.M., Gittleman, J.L., Purvis, A., Latent extinction risk and the future battlegrounds of mammal conservation (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103, pp. 4157-4161Becker, C.G., Loyola, R.D., Extinction risk assessments at the population and species level: Implications for amphibian conservation (2008) Biodiv Conserv, 17, pp. 2297-2304Cardillo, M., Mace, G.M., Jones, K.E., Bielby, J., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Multiple causes of high extinction risk in large mammal species (2005) Science, 309, pp. 1239-1241Cardillo, M., Purvis, A., Sechrest, W., Gittleman, J.L., Bielby, J., Human population density and extinction risk in the world's carnivores (2004) PLoS Biology, 2, pp. 909-914Valenzuela-Galván, D., Vázquez, L.B., Prioritizing areas for conservation of Mexican carnivores considering natural protected areas and human population density (2008) Anim Conserv, 11, pp. 215-223Valenzuela-Galván, D., Arita, H.T., Macdonald, D.W., Conservation priorities for carnivores considering protected natural areas and human population density (2008) Biodivers Conserv, 17, pp. 539-558Gittleman, J.L., Funk, S.M., MacDonald, D.W., Wayne, R.K., (2001) Carnivore conservation, , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 690 pDirzo, R., Miranda, A., Altered patterns of herbivory anddiversity in the forest understory: A case study of the possible consequences of contemporary defaunation (1991) Plant-animal interactions: Evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions, pp. 273-287. , Price P, Lewinsohn TM, Fernandes GW, Benson WW, eds, New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. ppLaurance, W.F., Peres, C.A., (2006) Emerging threats to tropical forests, , Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 520 pRondinini, C., Boitani, L., Systematic Conservation Planning and the Cost of Tackling Conservation Conflicts with Large Carnivores in Italy (2007) Conserv Biol, 21, pp. 1455-1462Underwood, E.C., Shaw, M.R., Wilson, K.A., Kareiva, P., Klausmeyer, K.R., (2008) Protecting Biodiversity when Money Matters: Maximizing Return on Investment, ONE 3, pp. e1515. , PLoS, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001515Naidoo, R., Balmford, A., Ferraro, P.J., Polasky, S., Ricketts, T.H., Integrating economic costs into conservation planning (2006) Trends Ecol Evol, 21, pp. 681-686Davis, F.W., Costello, C., Stoms, D., (2006) Efficient conservation in a utility-maximization framework, p. 11. , http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss11/art33, Ecol Soc, Available(2006) WildFinder: Online database of species distributions, version Jan-06, , http://www.worldwildlife.org/WildFinder, AvailableRondinini, C., Stuart, S., Boitani, L., Habitat suitability models and the shortfall in conservation planning for African vertebrates (2005) Conserv Biol, 19, pp. 1488-1497Das, A., Krishnaswamya, J., Bawaa, K.S., Kirana, M.C., Srinivasc, V., Prioritisation of conservation areas in the Western Ghats, India (2006) Biol Conserv, 133, pp. 16-31Laurance, W.F., Lovejoy, T.E., Vasconcelos, H.L., Bruna, E.M., Didham, R.H., Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: A 22-year investigation (2002) Conserv Biol, 16, pp. 605-618Boyd, C., Brooks, T.M., Butchart, S.H.M., Edgar, G.J., da Fonseca, G.A.B., Spatial scale and the conservation of threatened species (2008) Conserv Lett, 1, pp. 37-43Gittleman, J.L., Carnivore life histories: A reanalysis in the light of new models (1993) Mammals as predators, pp. 65-86. , Dunstone N, Gorman ML, eds, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ppCarbone, C., Gittleman, J.L., A common rule for the scaling of carnivore density (2002) Science, 295, pp. 2273-2276Urbina-Cardona JN, Loyola RD (2008) Applying niche-based models to predict endangered-hylid potential distributions: are Neotropical protected areas effective enough? Tropical Conservation Science 1: 417-445Lamoreux, J.F., Morrison, J.C., Ricketts, T.H., Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Global tests of biodiversity concordance and the importance of endemism (2006) Nature, 440, pp. 212-214Pressey, R.L., Possingham, H.P., Day, J.R., Effectiveness of alternative heuristic algorithms for identifying indicative minimum requirements for conservation reserves (1997) Biol Conserv, 80, pp. 207-219Soutullo, A., De Castro, M., Urios, V., Linking political and scientifically derived targets for global biodiversity conservation: Implications for the expansion of the global network of protected areas (2008) Divers Distrib, 14, pp. 604-613Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D., Burgess, N.D., Powell, G.V.N., Terrestrial ecoregions of the worlds: A new map of life on Earth (2001) Bioscience, 51, pp. 933-938Wilson, D.E., Reeder, D.M., (2005) Mammal species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic reference, , Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2000 pPurvis, A., Gittleman, J.L., Cowlishaw, G., Mace, G.M., Predicting extinction risk in declining species (2000) Proc Royal Soc London B, 267, pp. 1947-1952Balmford, A., Gaston, K.J., Blyth, S., James, A., Kapos, V., Global variation in terrestrial conservation costs, conservation benefits, and unmet conservation needs (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, pp. 1046-1050(2004) International Financial Statistics, , International Monetary Fund , Washington DC, International Monetary FundCIESIN, I., (2005) Gridded Population of the World (GPW), , http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/plue/gpw, WRI , New York: Palisades. AvailableAndelman S, Ball I, Davis F, Stoms D (1999) SITES v. 1.0: An analytical toolbox for designing ecoregional conservation portfolios. Washington: The Nature ConservancyPossingham, H., Ball, I., Andelman, S., Mathematical methods for identifying representative reserve networks (2000) Quantitative Methods for Conservation Biology, pp. 291-306. , Ferson S, Burgman M, eds, NewYork: Springer-Verlag. p
Monoraphidium and Ankistrodesmus (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) from Pantanal dos Marimbus, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia State, Brazil
Quantificação de micĂ©lio extrarradicular de fungos micorrĂzicos arbusculares em plantas cĂtricas e endĂłfitos: I. MĂ©todo empregado
- …