Tailoring The Interface Using Thiophene Small Molecules In Tio 2/p3ht Hybrid Solar Cells

In this paper we focus on the effect of carboxylated thiophene small molecules as interface modifiers in TiO 2/P3HT hybrid solar cells. Our results show that small differences in the chemical structure of these molecules, for example, the presence of the -CH 2- group in the 2-thiopheneacetic acid (TAA), can greatly increase the TiO 2 surface wettability, improving the TiO 2/polymer contact. This effect is important to enhance exciton splitting and charge separation. This journal is © 2012 the Owner Societies.14341199011993Huang, Y.-C., Hsu, J.-H., Liao, Y.-C., Yen, W.-C., Li, S.-S., Lin, S.-T., Chen, C.-W., Su, W.-F., (2011) J. Mater. Chem., 21, p. 4450Bouclé, J., Ravirajan, P., Nelson, J., (2007) J. Mater. Chem., 17, p. 3141Bhongale, C.J., Thelakkat, M., (2010) Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 94, p. 817Bolognesi, M., Sánchez-Díaz, A., Ajuria, J., Pacios, R., Palomares, E., (2011) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13, p. 6105Arici, E., Meissner, D., Schaffler, F., Sariciftci, N.S., (2003) Int. J. Photoenergy, 5, p. 199Arici, E., Sariciftci, N.S., Meissner, D., (2003) Adv. Funct. Mater., 13, p. 165De Freitas, J.N., Grova, I.R., Akcelrud, L.C., Arici, E., Sariciftcic, N.S., Nogueira, A.F., (2010) J. Mater. Chem., 20, p. 4845Yella, A., Lee, H.-W., Tsao, H.N., Yi, C., Chandiran, A.K., Nazeeruddin, M.K., Diau, E.W.-G., Grätzel, M., (2011) Science, 334, p. 629Yu, Q., Wang, Y., Yi, Z., Zu, N., Zhang, J., Zhang, M., Wang, P., (2010) ACS Nano, 4, p. 6032Lin, Y.-Y., Chu, T.-H., Li, S.-S., Chuang, C.-H., Chang, C.-H., Su, W.-F., Chang, C.-P., Chen, C.-W., (2009) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, p. 3644Sun, Z., Li, J., Liu, C., Yang, S., Yan, F., (2011) Adv. Mater., 23, p. 3648Coakley, K.M., Srinvasan, B.S., Ziebarth, J.M., Goh, C., Liu, Y.X., McGehee, M.D., (2005) Adv. Funct. Mater., 15, p. 1927Huang, Y.-C., Yen, W.-C., Liao, Y.-C., Yu, Y.-C., Hsu, C.-C., Ho, M.-L., Chou, P.-T., Su, W.-F., (2010) Appl. Phys. Lett., 96, p. 123501Zhang, W., Zhu, R., Li, F., Wang, Q., Liu, B., (2011) J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, p. 7038Johansson, E.M.J., Scholin, R., Siegbahn, H., Hagfeldt, A., Rensmo, H., (2011) Chem. Phys. Lett., 515, p. 146Ravirajan, P., Peiró, A.M., Nazeeruddin, M.K., Grätzel, M., Bradley, D.D.C., Durrant, J.R., Nelson, J., (2006) J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, p. 7635Weickert, J., Dunbar, R.B., Hesse, H.C., Wiedemann, W., Mende, L.S., (2011) Adv. Mater., 23, p. 1810Chang, J.A., Rhee, J.H., Im, S.H., Lee, Y.H., Kim, H.-J., Seok, S.I., Nazeeruddin, M.K., Gratzel, M., (2010) Nano Lett., 10, p. 2609Jiang, X., Karlsson, K.M., Gabrielsson, E., Johansson, E.M.J., Quintana, M., Karlsson, M., Sun, L., Hagfeldt, A., (2011) Adv. Funct. Mater., 21, p. 2944Snaith, H.J., Moule, A.J., Klein, C., Meerholz, K., Friend, R.H., Grätzel, M., (2007) Nano Lett., 7, p. 3372Weickert, J., Auras, F., Bein, T., Mende, L.S., (2011) J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, p. 15081Liu, Y., Scully, S.R., McGehee, M.D., Liu, J., Luscombe, C.K., Frechet, J.M.J., Shaheen, S.E., Ginley, D.S., (2006) J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, p. 3257Chang, Y.-M., Su, W.-F., Wang, L., (2008) Macromol. Rapid Commun., 29, p. 1303Cantu, M.L., Chafiq, A., Faissat, J., Valls, I.G., Yu, Y., (2011) Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 95, p. 1362Jiang, K.-J., Manseki, K., Yu, Y.-H., Masaki, N., Suzuki, K., Suzuki, Y.-L., Yanagida, S., (2009) Adv. Funct. Mater., 19, p. 2481Goh, C., Scully, S.R., McGehee, M.D., (2007) J. Appl. Phys., 101, p. 114503Krüger, J., Bach, U., Grätzel, M., (2000) Adv. Mater., 12, p. 447Montanari, I., Nogueira, A.F., Nelson, J., Durrant, J.R., Winder, C., Loi, M.A., Sariciftci, N.S., Brabec, C., (2002) Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, p. 3001Nogueira, A.F., Montanari, I., Nelson, J., Brabec, C., Sariciftci, N.S., Durrant, J.R., (2003) J. Phys. Chem., 107, p. 1567Haque, S.A., Palomares, E., Cho, B.M., Green, A.N.M., Hirata, N., Klug, D.R., Durrant, J.R., (2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, p. 3456Clifford, J.N., Palomares, E., Nazeeruddin, M.K., Grätzel, M., Nelson, J., Li, X., Long, J., Durrant, J.R., (2004) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, p. 5225Bouclé, J., Chyla, S., Shaffer, M.S.P., Durrant, J.R., Bradley, D.D.C., Nelson, J., (2008) Adv. Funct. Mater., 18, p. 62

Contrasting Photoelectrochemical Behaviour Of Two Isomeric Supramolecular Dyes Based On Meso-tetra(pyridyl)porphyrin Incorporating Four (μ3-oxo)- Triruthenium(iii) Clusters

A saddle shaped tetracluster porphyrin species containing four [Ru 3O(OAc)6(py)2]+ clusters coordinated to the N-pyridyl atoms of 5,10,15,20-tetra(3-pyridyl)porphyrin, H 2(3-TCPyP), has been investigated in comparison with the planar tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin analogue H2(4-TCPyP). The steric effects from the bulky peripheral complexes play a critical role in the H 2(3-TCPyP) species, determining a non-planar configuration around the porphyrin centre and precluding any significant π-electronic coupling, in contrast with the less hindered H2(4-TCPyP) species. Both systems exhibit a photoelectrochemical response in the presence of nanocrystalline TiO2 films, involving the porphyrin excitation around 450 nm. 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Inscription of narrow bandwidth bragg gratings in polymer optical fibers

We report on the production and characterization of narrow bandwidth fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in two spectral regions using polymer optical fibers (POFs). Narrow bandwidth FBGs are increasingly important for POF transmission systems, WDM technology and sensing applications. Long FBGs with resonance wavelength around 850 nm and 1550 nm were fabricated in several types of polymer optical fibers. The 3 dB FBG bandwidth varies from 0.22 nm down to 0.045 nm considering a Bragg grating length of 10 mm and 25 mm, respectively

Acousto-optic effect in microstructured polymer fiber bragg gratings:simulation and experimental overview

A fine control of the microstructured polymer fiber Bragg grating spectrum properties, such as maximum reflected power and 3-dB bandwidth, through acousto-optic modulation is presented. For simulation purposes, the device is modelled as a single structure, comprising a silica horn and a fiber Bragg grating. For similar sized structures a good correlation between the numerical results and the experimental data is obtained, allowing the strain field to be completely characterized along the whole structure. It is also shown that the microstructured polymer fiber Bragg grating requires less effort from the piezoelectric actuator to produce modification in the grating spectrum when compared with a silica fiber Bragg grating. This technique has potential to be applied on tunable optical filters and tunable cavities for photonic applications

Synthesis And Characterization Of Zno And Zno:ga Films And Their Application In Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Highly crystalline ZnO and Ga-modified zinc oxide (ZnO:Ga) nanoparticles containing 1, 3 and 5 atom% of Ga 3+ were prepared by precipitation method at low temperature. The films were characterized by XRD, BET, XPS and SEM. No evidence of zinc gallate formation (ZnGa 2O 4), even in the samples containing 5 atom% of gallium, was detected by XRD. XPS data revealed that Ga is present into the ZnO matrix as Ga 3+, according to the characteristic binding energies. The particle size decreased as the gallium level was increased as observed by SEM, which might be related to a faster hydrolysis reaction rate. The smaller particle size provided films with higher porosity and surface area, enabling a higher dye loading. When these films were applied to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as photoelectrodes, the device based on ZnO:Ga 5 atom% presented an overall conversion efficiency of 6% (at 10 mW cm -2), a three-fold increase compared to the ZnO-based DSSCs under the same conditions. To our knowledge, this is one of the highest efficiencies reported so far for ZnO-based DSSCs. Transient absorption (TAS) study of the photoinduced dynamics of dye-sensitized ZnO:Ga films showed that the higher the gallium content, the higher the amount of dye cation formed, while no significant change on the recombination dynamics was observed. The study indicates that Ga-modification of nanocrystalline ZnO leads to an improvement of photocurrent and overall efficiency in the corresponding device. © 2008 The Royal Society of Chemistry.1114871491O'Regan, B., Gratzel, M., (1991) Nature, 353, p. 737. , -740Kroon, J.M., Bakker, N.J., Smit, H.J.P., Liska, P., Thampi, K.R., Wang, P., Zakeeruddin, S.M., Tulloch, G.E., (2007) Prog. Photovoltaics, 15, p. 1. , -18Ma, T., Akiyama, M., Abe, E., Imai, I., (2005) Nano Lett., 5, p. 2543. , -2547Ko, K.H., Lee, Y.C., Jung, Y.J., (2005) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 283, p. 482. , -487Kakiuchi, K., Hosono, E., Fujihara, S., (2006) J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 179, p. 81. , -86Keis, K., Magnusson, E., Lindstrom, H., Lindquist, S.-E., Hagfeldt, A., (2002) Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 73, p. 51. , -58Horiuchi, H., Katoh, R., Hara, K., Yanagida, M., Murata, S., Arakawa, H., Tachiya, M., (2003) J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, p. 2570. , -2574Katoh, R., Furube, A., Tamaki, Y., Yoshihara, T., Murai, M., Hara, K., Murata, S., Tachiya, M., (2004) J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 166, p. 69. , -74Keis, K., Vayssieres, L., Rensmo, H., Lindquist, S.-E., Hagfeldt, A., (2001) J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, p. 149. , -A155Rensmo, H., Keis, K., Lindstrom, H., Sodergren, S., Solbrand, A., Hagfeldt, A., Lindquist, S.E., Muhammed, M., (1997) J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, p. 2598. , -2601Minami, T., Sato, H., Nanto, H., Takata, S., (1985) Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 24, p. 781. , -L784Park, S.-M., Ikegami, T., Ebihara, K., (2006) Thin Solid Films, 513, p. 90. , -94Nonaka, M., Matsushima, S., Mizuno, M., Kobayashi, K., (2002) Chem. Lett., p. 580. , -581Ohkita, H., Cook, S., Ford, T.A., Greenham, N.C., Durrant, J.R., (2006) J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 182, p. 225. , -230Haque, S.A., Tachibana, Y., Willis, R.L., Moser, J.E., Gratzel, M., Klug, D.R., Durrant, J.R., (2000) J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, p. 538. , -547Haque, S.A., Tachibana, Y., Klug, D.R., Durrant, J.R., (1998) J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, p. 1745. , -1749Gonçalves, A.S., Lima, S.A.M., Davolos, M.R., Antônio, S.G., Paiva-Santos, C.O., (2006) J. Solid State Chem., 179, p. 1330. , -1334Roberts, N., Wang, R.P., Sleight, A.W., Warren, W.W., (1998) Phys. Rev. B, 57, p. 5734Wang, R., Sleight, A.W., Cleary, D., (1996) Chem. Mater., 8, p. 433. , -439Passlack, M., Schubert, E.F., Hobson, W.S., Hong, M., Moriya, N., Chu, S.N.G., Konstadinidis, K., Zydzik, G.J., (1995) J. Appl. Phys., 77, p. 686. , -693Bhosle, V., Tiwari, A., Narayan, J., (2006) J. Appl. Phys., 100, p. 033713. , -033716Nazeeruddin, M.K., Kay, A., Rodicio, I., Humphrybaker, R., Muller, E., Liska, P., Vlachopoulos, N., Gratzel, M., (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, p. 6382. , -6390Imai, Y., Watanabe, A., (2005) J. Mater. Sci., 15, p. 743. , -749Willis, R.L., Olson, C., O'Regan, B., Lutz, T., Nelson, J., Durrant, J.R., (2002) J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, p. 7605. , -7613Green, A.N.M., Palomares, E., Haque, S.A., Kroon, J.M., Durrant, J.R., (2005) J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, p. 12525. , -1253

New Insights Into Dye-sensitized Solar Cells With Polymer Electrolytes

Polymer electrolytes or gel polymer electrolytes are interesting alternatives to substitute liquid electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The interest in this research field is growing continuously, reflected in the increase in the number of papers published each year concerning these materials. This feature article presents a brief review of the history and development of polymer electrolytes aiming at applications in DSSC. Recent improvements achieved by modifications of the composition and by introduction of additives such as inorganic nanofillers, organic molecules and ionic liquids are described. The stabilities of DSSC assembled with these materials are also discussed and further improvements that can be introduced to maximize performance of the solar cell, such as photoelectrode modification, will also be presented. © 2009 The Royal Society of Chemistry.193052795294O'Regan, B., Grätzel, M., (1991) Nature, 353, p. 737Grätzel, M., (2004) J. Photochem. Photobiol. 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Incorporation Of Nanocrystals With Different Dimensionalities In Hybrid Tio2/p3ht Solar Cells

We investigate the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles-nanospheres and nanorods-inserted in the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) matrix of TiO2?P3HT inverted hybrid solar cells. X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, small-angle x-ray scattering, photoluminescence, and photoelectrochemical experiments were employed to investigate the structure, morphology, and photoactivity of TiO2 nanoparticles modified with 2-thiopheneacetic acid, mixed or not with P3HT. Both TiO2 nanospheres and TiO2 nanorods presented a good dispersion in the polymer matrix. The incorporation of TiO2 nanospheres and nanorods has improved the photocurrent generation, and devices with efficiency values up to 1.35% were obtained. Our results reveal that the nanoscale morphology enables an enhanced interfacial area for exciton dissociation. 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Tratamentos Alternativos No Controle Da Antracnose E Sobre A Qualidade De Goiabas ‘pedro Sato’

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)One of the major problems in guava commercialization is the incidence of postharvest diseases, which coincides with fruit ripening. The effect of alternative products [potassium phosphite, calcium chloride, cassava starch, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), ethanol followed by sodium dichloro s. triazinetrione dehydrate (ethanol+chlorine)] and hydrothermal treatment, singly and in association, was evaluated on anthracnose control and on the physicochemical characteristics of ‘Pedro Sato’ guava. Treatments were applied to naturally infected guavas, in three maturity stages, which were stored at 22 or 25ºC for eight days. The incidence of anthracnose was evaluated by visual observation of symptoms and signs of the pathogens under an optical microscope, and the evaluated physicochemical parameters were skin color, pulp firmness, fresh mass loss, soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid. The association of treatments ethanol+chlorine/cassava starch, hydrothermal treatment/cassava starch and ethanol+chlorine/1-MCP reduced the incidence of anthracnose in all three maturity stages in at least one storage period, leading to longer shelf life of fruits and a delay of two to four days in the onset of the disease. The maintenance of guava quality by means of treatment association was evidenced by delayed change in the skin color and less reduction in pulp firmness, especially for ethanol+chlorine/1-MCP. There was a positive correlation between the incidence of anthracnose and the maturity stage, expressed by the fruit skin color. The higher efficiency of treatment association in controlling anthracnose was directly related to the delay in fruit ripening, evidenced by the parameters skin color and pulp firmness. © 2016, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP). All rights reserved.4243233392012/07207-7, FAPESP, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP