Spatial surface-pattern analyses and boundary detection techniques applied in forest ecology

[EN] We review methods for uni- and multivariate surface pattern analysis and boundary detection used in forest ecology. A continuous surface pattern is defined as the locations of points (trees) in the space and the associated variable or variables. We illustrate useful methods to describe spatial patterns and infer the generating processes. We show the statistical basis and applied examples of univariate methods for binary (join counts) and quantitative variables (Moran and Geary correlograms, semivariograms, fractal dimension). We explain the calculus and interpretation of multivariate methods to describe surface patterns (Mantel test and correlogram) and their relationships with ordination methods. Finally, we show examples of techniques for boundary detection. Most analysed patterns corresponded to Pinus uncinata forests from the upper altitudinal limit in the Pyrenees or from a relict population. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each methodology and their applications in forest ecology.[ES] En este trabajo se revisan los métodos de análisis univariable y multivariable de los patrones de superficies y de detección de fronteras más utilizados en ecología forestal. El patrón de superficies es un patrón espacial continuo definido por las posiciones de los puntos (árboles) en el espacio y una o varias variables asociadas a cada punto. Se ilustran métodos útiles para describir patrones espaciales e inferir los procesos que los generaron. Se muestra el fundamento estadístico y ejemplos aplicados de métodos de análisis univariables para variables binarias (conteo contiguo) y cuantitativas (correlogramas de Moran y Geary, semivariogramas, dimensión fractal). Se detalla el cálculo e interpretación de métodos multivariables para la descripción de patrones de superficies (correlograma y test de Mantel) y su relación con los métodos de ordenación. Finalmente, se muestran ejemplos de métodos para la detección de fronteras. La mayor parte de los patrones reales analizados provienen de bosques de Pinus uncinata del límite altitudinal superior en los Pirineos o bien de una población relíctica. Se discuten las ventajas y desventajas de cada metodología y sus aplicaciones en ecología forestal.Los datos de Vinuesa se obtuvieron en el proyecto AMB95-0160 (CICyT).Peer reviewe

Система управления персоналом в Управлении железнодорожного транспорта Алмалыкского Горно-Металлургического комбината

Целью выпускной квалификационной работы является разработка направлений по совершенствованию системы управления персоналом в управлении железнодорожного транспорта АО "АГМК". В результате исследования были разработаны мероприятия по повышению уровня управления персоналом в управлении железнодорожного транспорта АО "АГМК" Степень внедрения: одно из разработанных предложений планируется на внедрение в управлении персоналом железнодорожного транспорта АО "АГМК". Область применения: разработанные мероприятия по управлению персоналом предприятия, может быть использован на предприятии, в организации, фирме любой отрасли.Научная новизна работы заключается в обосновании необходимости формирования новой концепции управления персоналом на предприятии, в обобщении основных методов управления персонThe goal of the final qualifying work is to develop directions for improving the personnel management system in the management of the railway transport of JSC "AGMK". As a result of the research, measures were developed to improve the level of personnel management in the management of the railway transport of JSC "AGMK" Degree of implementation: one of the developed proposals is planned for implementation in the management of railway transport personnel of JSC "AGMK". Scope: developed measures for the management of the company's personnel, can be used at the enterprise, in the organization, the firm of any industry. The scientific novelty of the work is to justify the need to formulate a new concept of personnel management at the enterprise, to generalize the basic methods of personnel ma

Clonal dynamics of BRAF-driven drug resistance in EGFR-mutant lung cancer

Activation of MAPK signaling via BRAF mutations may limit the activity of EGFR inhibitors in EGFR-mutant lung cancer patients. However, the impact of BRAF mutations on the selection and fitness of emerging resistant clones during anti-EGFR therapy remains elusive. We tracked the evolution of subclonal mutations by whole-exome sequencing and performed clonal analyses of individual metastases during therapy. Complementary functional analyses of polyclonal EGFR-mutant cell pools showed a dose-dependent enrichment of BRAF(V600E) and a loss of EGFR inhibitor susceptibility. The clones remain stable and become vulnerable to combined EGFR, RAF, and MEK inhibition. Moreover, only osimertinib/trametinib combination treatment, but not monotherapy with either of these drugs, leads to robust tumor shrinkage in EGFR-driven xenograft models harboring BRAF mutations. These data provide insights into the dynamics of clonal evolution of EGFR-mutant tumors and the therapeutic implications of BRAF(V600E) co-mutations that may facilitate the development of treatment strategies to improve the prognosis of these patients

Current antiangiogenic agents in oncology and ophthalmology

Antiangiogenic drugs are approved for many cancer types for longer than a decade. Furthermore, several antiangiogenic agents are approved for local application in ophthalmology for treatment of macular degeneration, venous retinal occlusion and diabetic retinopathy. Knowing that antiangiogenic agents are active in ocular system, we reviewed the current literature, whether antiangiogenic drugs may cause ocular side effects in cancer patients by systemic application. Furthermore, we searched in published papers, if systemic application of antiangiogenic agents in cancer patients may simultaneously treat their ocular disorders, if they have such. Finally, we emphasized cooperation between an oncologist and ophthalmologist when treating patients with antiangiogenic drugs

Reproducibility of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI derived transfer coefficient Ktrans in lung cancer

Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is a useful method to monitor therapy assessment in malignancies but must be reliable and comparable for successful clinical use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inter- and intrarater reproducibility of DCE-MRI in lung cancer. At this IRB approved single centre study 40 patients with lung cancer underwent up to 5 sequential DCE-MRI examinations. DCE-MRI were performed using a 3.0T system. The volume transfer constant K(trans) was assessed by three readers using the two-compartment Tofts model. Inter- and intrarater reliability and agreement was calculated by wCV, ICC and their 95% confident intervals. DCE-MRI allowed a quantitative measurement of K(trans) in 107 tumors where 91 were primary carcinomas or intrapulmonary metastases and 16 were extrapulmonary metastases. K(trans) showed moderate to good interrater reliability in overall measurements (ICC 0.716–0.841; wCV 30.3–38.4%). K(trans) in pulmonary lesions ≥ 3 cm showed a good to excellent reliability (ICC 0.773–0.907; wCV 23.0–29.4%) compared to pulmonary lesions < 3 cm showing a moderate to good reliability (ICC 0.710–0.889; wCV 31.6–48.7%). K(trans) in intrapulmonary lesions showed a good reliability (ICC 0.761–0.873; wCV 28.9–37.5%) compared to extrapulmonary lesions with a poor to moderate reliability (ICC 0.018–0.680; wCV 28.1–51.8%). The overall intrarater agreement was moderate to good (ICC 0.607–0.795; wCV 24.6–30.4%). With K(trans), DCE MRI offers a reliable quantitative biomarker for early non-invasive therapy assessment in lung cancer patients, but with a coefficient of variation of up to 48.7% in smaller lung lesions