Mass transfer and gas-liquid interface properties of single CO2 bubbles rising in tap water

To improve the mass transfer efficiency in many industrial applications better understanding of the mass transfer rate is required. High speed images of single CO2 bubbles rising in tap water were analysed to investigate the relationship between the mass transfer and properties of single bubbles. Transition to a lower mass transfer rate was shown to correspond with the transition from a mobile to an immobile bubble surface. This was indicated by the change in bubble rise velocity, bubble rise path and bubble shape. The presence of surfactants in untreated tap water appear to effect the transition point, particularly for bubbles with a smaller initial diameter and lower rise velocity

COVID-19 in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinically reported outcomes from the UK Multiple Sclerosis Register

Background: In March 2020, the United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Register (UKMSR) established an electronic case return form, designed collaboratively by MS neurologists, to record data about COVID-19 infections in people with MS (pwMS). Objectives: Examine how hospital admission and mortality are affected by disability, age and disease modifying treatments (DMTs) in people with Multiple Sclerosis with COVID-19. Methods: Anonymised data were submitted by clinical teams. Regression models were tested for predictors of hospitalisation and mortality outcomes. Separate analyses compared the first and second ‘waves’ of the pandemic. Results: Univariable analysis found hospitalisation and mortality were associated with increasing age, male gender, comorbidities, severe disability, and progressive MS; severe disability showed the highest magnitude of association. Being on a DMT was associated with a small, lower risk. Multivariable analysis found only age and male gender were significant. Post hoc analysis demonstrated that factors were significant for hospitalisation but not mortality. In the second wave, hospitalisation and mortality were lower. Separate models of the first and second wave using age and gender found they had a more important role in the second wave. Conclusions: Features associated with poor outcome in COVID-19 are similar to other populations and being on a DMT was not found to be associated with adverse outcomes, consistent with smaller studies. Once in hospital, no factors were predictive of mortality. Reassuringly, mortality appears lower in the second wave

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

The Psychological Science Accelerator’s COVID-19 rapid-response dataset

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data

The Psychological Science Accelerator’s COVID-19 rapid-response dataset

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data

Energy and biomass recovery from wastewater. Final report, December 1989--December 1990

The goal of the project was to demonstrate in a large pilot study that domestic sewage could be converted to useful products, mainly substitute natural gas and clean water, using two low-cost biological processes -- a high-rate anaerobic treatment unit followed by a hydroponic plant treatment system. The anaerobic attached film expanded bed (AAFEB) and the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) are two innovative technologies developed over more than a decade at Cornell University. Documentation of this biological system for 52 months at flows up to 40 s/d (greater than 10,000 gal/d) showed the system to be highly successful. This report covers the last 12 months of this jointly sponsored NYSERDA/GRI study. Efforts were made to document the empirical relationships between system loading rate and effluent quality. Although the sewage temperatures varied from 7{degrees}C to 28{degrees}C and little modification of reactor temperatures were made, low temperatures had minimal effects on the purification capabilities. Effluent quality was excellent (BOD and SS less than 5 mg/1) with plant nutrients removed to less than 1 mg/l for total nitrogen and total phosphorus at low hydraulic loadings (less than 3 cm/d). Sludge generation was less than at conventional primary plants and much less than at conventional secondary facilities. The economics of the hypothesized system appear promising