Examining Eurozone Divergence

This paper provides a brief history of European integration followed by an examination of the Eurozone financial crisis and the economic divergence among particular economies (Germany compared with Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Ireland) it induced. Afterwards a list of structural and policy reforms meant to achieve economic convergence is provided. The paper concludes that in order for the Eurozone to achieve economic convergence, it would be best if Greece and Portugal exited the monetary union. The smaller, more homogeneous union could then more readily achieve economic convergence to function, both politically and economically, as a sustainable monetary union

Privileges of Ambassadors and Foreign Ministers

The United States receives diplomatic representatives from thirty-seven nations and accredits her representatives to them in return. Six of these on each side are of the highest rank, namely, Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, being those received from and accredited to the five great powers of Europe, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Great Britain, Italy and Russia, and to our sister Republic of Mexico. The rest are almost without exception Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary, standing in the second rank of Les Employés Diplomatiques, to use the term adopted at the Congress of Vienna (1815) where the relative rank was determined which attaches to these different offices. Chargés d\u27affaires constituted a third and lower class, and by the Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle (1818) an additional class ranking between the second and third above mentioned were recognized, namely, Ministers Resident, accredited to sovereigns. Since in theory of International Law all nations are equal one to another, the Congress of Vienna further provided that diplomats in each class should take rank d\u27après la date de la notification officielle de leur arrivée, in other words, by seniority in service at the seat of government to which they are accredited. A diplomatic representative is commonly attended by a corps of secretaries, counselors, attaches, often civil, military and naval. He and they are often accompanied by families and servants, and this entire alien body claims, and, by the law of nations and of the United States, is entitled to great privileges and exemptions

Federal Treaties and State Laws

The rights of foreigners, in case of conflict between federal treaties with their several countries and laws enacted by the states, have been recently much considered. Such questions are undoubtedly to be solved by constitutional law under our frame of government, but they so directly affect our international obligations and relations that they are habitually treated as proper topics to be discussed in our best works on International Law

Jurisdiction over Foreign Ships in Territorial Waters

War, says Grotius, is undertaken for the sake of peace. So discussion is undertaken for the sake of conclusions. If the conclusions are not as definite as could be wished in the present instance, it is hoped that it is not wholly due to the indolence or incompetency of the writer, but in large part to the difficulties presented by the overlapping of municipal and international laws, and by the lack of any final tribunal which can adjust and end differences. Again Grotius, and there is no better authority, quotes approvingly certain rules of mercy as part of the law of nations, but adds, not of all, but of the best, and so we can only try to deduce the rules of the best. With this apology it seems right to say that under the topic named it is not proposed to go generally into the subject of the nature and extent of the rights in the sea appertaining to the adjoining coast

Letter from Charles Noble to N. Silsbee

A letter of Charles Noble to N. Silsbee, indicating that Silsbee sold the property to Van Raalte, and other matters including the information that the state government decided to place the seat of government in Lansing.https://digitalcommons.hope.edu/vrp_1840s/1106/thumbnail.jp

Pyrrole -Terminated Dendrimers for Use in Polymerizable Monolayers and Guest Encapsulation Systems.

This work demonstrates the use of pyrrole-terminated dendrimers (PTD)s for the oxidation-state-dependant encapsulation and release of various guest molecules. In order to achieve the goals of this research, a two-step approach was taken. The first portion of this doctoral work involved synthesis of low-generation (small number of peripheral groups) PTDs having a simple structure (DAB-Py x, X = 4, 8, 16) and studying the intramolecular oligomerization of the terminal pyrrole groups by well-known electrochemical methods. After the proof-of-concept study with low-generation PTDs, the next step involving more complex, high-generation PTDs (DAB(COCyPy)x, Y = 3 or 5, X = 32 or 64) was carried out. The larger, more complex PTDs were synthesized, and intramolecularly oligomerized; these oligomeric PTDs were investigated for their ability to effectively trap guest molecules. The PTDs that were used in the oligomerization proof-of-concept study were synthesized by direct conversion of the dendrimer 1° amine termini to a pyrrole ring. PTD synthesis by this method was limited to dendrimers having 16 pyrrole groups (DAB-Py16). Of the all DAB-Pyx, only DAB-Py16 was found to result in an intromolecularly oligomerized monolayer when oxidized by electrochemical means. The difficulty in synthesizing high-generation PTDs and the fact that only the DAB-Py16 was capable of oligomerization indicates that high generation dendrimers exhibit a peripheral crowding (close end groups). This peripheral crowding concept was studied by monitoring the hydrogen bonding between the amide groups terminating various dendrimers. Results from this study reveal that as dendrimer generation increases there is an increase in the hydrogen bonding between the end groups, thus an increase in end group proximity. A PTD system used to encapsulate guest molecules was synthesized by first converting the 1° amine of an amino acid to a pyrrole ring, and then attaching the resulting pyrrole acid (N-pyrrolyl(alkane)carboxyic acid) to a dendrimer. The pyrrole groups of the resulting DAB(COCxPy) 32, X = 3, 5 can be intramolecularly oligomerized. Molecular modeling studies indicate that the PTD structure is altered by changing the oxidation state of the peripheral oligo(pyrroles). The structural changes induced by the oxidation state of the oligo(pyrroles) was used to direct the encapsulation/release of guests within the PTD