Postfunctionalization of the BODIPY Core: Synthesis and Spectroscopy

In this review we describe the various new methodologies for synthetic postmodification of the BODIPY core designed and developed by our research groups, as well as their electronic spectroscopic properties. We discuss the different strategies created for functionalization of the BODIPY framework at the pyrrole C-ring positions and the meso-position. Halogenated boron dipyrrins are substrates for nucleophilic substitution or Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. α-Unsubstituted BODIPYs can be functionalized with N and C nucleophiles through oxidative or vicarious nucleophilic substitution (VNS) of the α-hydrogen atoms. Combining this methodology with reversible Michael addition onto nitrostyrenes provides a route to 3-styrylated BODIPYs. Furthermore, the one-step, Pd-catalyzed C–H arylation of 3,5-unsubstituted BODIPYs leads to 3- and 3,5-arylated dyes. Finally, radical C–H arylation at the 3,5-positions of α-unsubstituted BODIPYs provides an additional synthesis route to arylated dyes.status: publishe

Identifiability of models for time-resolved fluorescence with underlying distributions of rate constants

The deterministic identifiability analysis of photophysical models for the kinetics of excited-state processes, assuming errorless time-resolved fluorescence data, can verify whether the model parameters can be determined unambiguously. In this work, we have investigated the identifiability of several uncommon models for time-resolved fluorescence with underlying distributions of rate constants which lead to non-exponential decays. The mathematical functions used here for the description of non-exponential fluorescence decays are the stretched exponential or Kohlrausch function, the Becquerel function, the Förster type energy transfer function, decay functions associated with exponential, Gaussian and uniform distributions of rate constants, a decay function with extreme sub-exponential behavior, the Mittag-Leffler function and Heaviside's function. It is shown that all the models are uniquely identifiable, which means that for each specific model there exists a single parameter set that describes its associated fluorescence δ-response function.status: publishe