The effects of the pressing and the scalding treatments on some quality properties in Mara cheese production

WOS: 000181960400020The study was designed to elicit some basic information on the effect of different pressing and scalding treatments applied to the curd with special reference to the standardization of Mara cheese. For each experiment six different samples (IA, IB, IC, IIA, IIB, IIC) were used. The samples were manufactured experimentally by applying three different scalding treatments, 70 +/- I degreesC/5 min. (A), 75 +/- 1 degreesC/5 min. (B) and 80 +/- I degreesC/5 min (C), to each of two curds pressed for I h by 1:5 kg (1) and 1.5:5 kg (11) weights of milk used. All experimental samples were examined microbiologically, chemically and physically on the first, 15(th), 30(th) 60(th) and 90(th) adys of the ripening period in addition to the assessment of the sensorial characteristics of 30, 60 and 90-day-old experimental samples. During the ripening period no regular changes were found in the fat, moisture, ash, salt content and acidity, pH and a(w) values of the samples, although moisture content increased by 1-4% at the end of ripening. It was determined that sample IB in group I had a high a(w) value and the difference between IA and IB was significant at p < 0.05. Aerobic mesophilic and Lactobacillus microorganisms decreased in number at different rates toward the end of the ripening period, although the decrease was not considerable in the colony count of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms after the 30(th) day of ripening. Sample IA had the maximum total sensorial score on the 30(th) and 90(th) days of the ripening period and 113 on the 60(th) day. It is concluded that pressing and scalding treatments applied to the curds slightly affected the chemical and physical characteristics and that treatments by pressing for 1 h by 1:5 weight of milk used and of scalding at 70 +/- 1 degreesC for 5 min will give better sensorial quality characteristics, particularly with regard to appearance

Some of the frequently used biochemical values of serum and plasma in three different populations of Anatolian shepherd dog

The biochemical values serum albumin, total cholesterol, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (Pi), sodium (Na). potassium (K) in serum (nl = 38) and zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in plasma (n2 = 74) were determined in individuals of Anatolian shepherd dog (Asd) which is the most preferred dog in Anatolia as a guard dog of flocks. Individuals from both sexes were collected from three different farms (sites). Comparative studies showed that (i) there were no significant differences between the values of the two sexes except for Ca, (ii) there were significant (P < 0.05-0.001) differences between the values of sites in Pi, Na. Zn and Cu. When the results of the present study was considered together with the previous ones carried on other breeds or on dogs generally, it was observed Na in Asd is in the lower limit of the observed range

Red blood cell enzyme biochemical polymorphism in Anatolian shepherd dog

Anatolian shepherd dog (Asd), probably the descendants of the large hunting dogs of Mesopotamia, has been the most preferred dog in Anatolia as a guard dog of flocks. Furthermore, because of their high endurance of extreme of heat and cold, recently they started to be employed in African countries and in Australia. To help the conservation and management strategies to be establihed for this highly valuable gene pool, genotypes of 108 Asd individuals, belonging to four breeding farms and to local people in a region from Central Anatolia (altogether five populations), were determined by using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis based on ESD, PGD, CAI, GOT and SOD enzyme systems. Bands observed on starch gels for Asd were compared with those obtained from 21 other individuals belonging to 7 other well-known breeds

Genetic evidence for the distinctness of Kangal dogs

The genetic diversity of Kangal dogs (n=23) was analysed using 100 canine microsatellites, and the results were compared to Central Anatolian feral dogs (n=51), Akbash dogs (n=6), and Turkish greyhounds (TG, n=3). The Kangal, Akbash, Turkish greyhound and feral dogs were found to be significantly different from each other by F-ST measure. Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA), which evaluated the span of genotypic variation between individual dogs, yielded 4 distinct groups of the animals. Group I was composed of 12 pure Kangal dogs (Kangal I) without the Kangal looking hybrids of Kangals and feral dogs. Group II contained the remaining 11 Kangal dogs (Kangal II), 1 Turkish greyhound, and all feral dogs except for one. Group III was comprised of the remaining 2 Turkish greyhounds, while Group IV consisted of all of the Akbash dogs. Kangal I, Akbash and Turkish greyhound groups were scattered in different parts of the three-dimensional FCA plot. We conclude that Kangal dogs are genetically distinct and hence they deserve to be identified as a breed. Furthermore, it has been observed that microsatellites can be employed in the conservation efforts of Kangals

Evolutionary relationship among three native and two crossbreed sheep breeds of Turkey: preliminary results

The Turkish native sheep breeds, possibly being the neighbours of the earliest domesticated sheep populations, might be harbouring important genetic characteristics to be employed in the future for the improvement of sheep breeds. In order to design a conservation strategy, their genetic diversities must be determined. In the present study, based on three microsatellite loci, the genetic diversity of the Kivircik, Awassi, Akkaraman breeds (native) of Turkey as well as two of their crossbreeds Turkgeldi and Konya Merino were studied comparatively. It was observed that their heterozygoties are all high (0.6673-0.7822) compared to previously studied breeds, as expected for populations close to the center of domestication. Neighbour Joining (NJ) tree based on allele sharing distances indicated that the inertia of the breeds are not high. Yet, the genetic differentiations between the breeds based on pairwise F-ST (inbreeding coefficient) values are all significant. Furthermore, the three microsatellite loci could distinguish three groups of native breeds and their crossbreeds; 11) Awassi, 2) Kivircik-Turkgeldi and 3) Akkaraman-Konya Merino