Etude Comparative des Systèmes de Protection Sociale au Rwanda et au Burundi

The article analyses the comparative system of social protection between two country

A Castro - organização, inventariação e análise de um painel de azulejos do Conservatório Nacional : apoio ao desenvolvimento de protótipo de aplicação interativa para suporte ao restauro de azulejaria

O presente relatório de estágio descreve o trabalho desenvolvido durante o estágio curricular no Museu Nacional do Azulejo (MNAz). O projeto compreende o plano proposto pela entidade de acolhimento – MNAz – e pela participação e apoio num projeto de mestrado de um discente do ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL). O plano de estágio com o Museu Nacional do Azulejo consistiu na organização, identificação, inventariação e análise de um painel de azulejos intitulado A Castro, pertencente a um conjunto azulejar do século XX, originalmente instalado no corredor dos Passos Perdidos do Conservatório Nacional, em Lisboa. Em parceria com um aluno de Mestrado em Engenharia Informática (MEI) do ISCTE-IUL, será fornecido o apoio ao desenvolvimento de um protótipo de aplicação interativa para auxílio ao restauro de azulejaria. O relatório de estágio está dividido em quatro capítulos distintos, cada um destes organizado em subcapítulos. O primeiro capítulo corresponde a uma breve introdução à instituição de acolhimento Museu Nacional do Azulejo, abordando o seu percurso e enquadramento histórico, desde a fundação do Convento da Madre de Deus até à integração do atual museu. No capítulo seguinte são apresentadas todas as atividades práticas desenvolvidas em contexto de estágio na instituição de acolhimento, reportando as metodologias utilizadas, a análise do objeto de estudo e identificando as suas particularidades. No terceiro capítulo proceder-se-á à análise e investigação de A Castro, foco do nosso estudo, onde serão fundamentados aspetos como a identificação da sua temática e características técnicas e estilísticas, estado de conservação, autoria, encomenda e contextualização histórica. Reporta-se, no quarto e último capítulo, o apoio atribuído ao projeto de produção de um protótipo de aplicação interativa digital para o auxílio na inventariação e no restauro de azulejos. Seguem, por fim, as considerações finais.This internship report describes the work developed during curricular internship at the Museu Nacional do Azulejo (MNAz). The project comprises the plan proposed by the host entity – MNAz – and the participation and support in a master's degree project of a ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL) student. The internship plan concerted by agreement with the Museu Nacional do Azulejo aims the organization, identification, inventory and analysis of a tile panel entitled A Castro belonging to a set of panels from the 20th century originally installed in the hall of Passos Perdidos at the Conservatório Nacional in Lisbon. In partnership with a master student in Computer Engineering (MEI) of ISCTE-IUL, support will be provided for the development of an interactive prototype application for the assistance in tiles restoration. The internship report will be divided in four distinct chapters, each one of these organized through sub-chapters. The first chapter corresponds to a brief introduction of the host institution, the Museu Nacional do Azulejo, alluding to its path and historical context since the foundation of Convento da Madre de Deus to the integration of the current museum, mission and activities developed by the institution. In the following chapter are described all the practical activities during the internship, like the applied methodologies, examination and identification of particularities found in the object of study. The analysis and investigation of A Castro can be found in the third chapter, where subjects such as thematic identification and technical and formal characteristics, state of preservation, authorship, order and historical contextualization are substantiated. In the fourth and final chapter it is described the support given to the interactive prototype application project developed for the assistance in tile’s restoration. Lastly, the final considerations

Kajian potensi ekstrak bilberi sebagai penunjuk pH untuk memantau kesegaran makanan secara kromametri

Penunjuk pH sebagai suatu pendekatan untuk memantau kualiti atau kesegaran makanan semasa telah mendapat perhatian industri pembungkusan makanan. Penggunaan sumber semula jadi pigmen tumbuhan terutamanya daripada buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran menjadi pilihan para pengguna untuk menggantikan pewarna sintetik dalam memastikan keselamatan makanan yang diambil setiap hari. Dalam kajian ini, ekstrak daripada bilberi telah digunakan sebagai pewarna sensitif pH. Perubahan warna sampel dikaji secara terperinci melalui kaedah kromametri dan juga kaedah spektrofotometri ultra-lembayung nampak. Warna merah terang terhasil dalam pH berasid, merah pudar pada neutral dan magenta ke kuning dalam pH beralkali. Keputusan kajian kromametri menunjukkan bahawa ekstrak bilberi berupaya mempamerkan perubahan warna yang jelas terhadap perubahan pH, iaitu terdapat perubahan nilai warna a* yang menyumbang kepada perubahan yang bererti dalam perbezaan warna keseluruhan (ΔE*). Nilai ΔE* juga ditentukan wujud hubungan linear dan kuantitatif terhadap julat pH tertentu. Oleh yang demikian, ekstrak bilberi didapati berpotensi sebagai bahan sensor untuk pH dalam membangunkan satu sensor pH bagi memantau kesegaran makanan terutamanya hasilan laut berbungkus memandangkan tahap kerosakan produk tersebut berkait rapat dengan perubahan pH ke arah alkali

La dynamique de gouvernance des ressources naturelles collectives au Burundi

Durant la période de guerre civile au Burundi, l’application des mesures de contrôle et de réglementation environnementales a été lacunaire, conduisant les populations déplacées à surexploiter les ressources naturelles communautaires publiques pour couvrir leurs besoins. Cette étude a été conduite sur les collines Nyarunazi et Munanira de la commune Rutegama et sur les collines Jene, Ndaro, Rorero, Rukere et Manga de la commune Kabarore au cours de la période de juin 2009 à septembre 2011. Il s’agissait de développer des mécanismes participatifs de bonne gouvernance des ressources naturelles collectives dans une perspective d’accroissement durable de la productivité agricole et la réhabilitation des ressources dégradées dans les sociétés d’où émergent les conflits. Des comités de gouvernance des ressources naturelles (CGRN) se sont mis en place dans chacun des sites. L’une des forces de cette nouvelle institution a été l’acquisition du pouvoir de négociation des dividendes issue de la bonne gestion du patrimoine forestier de la commune. Il a ainsi été créé un cadre approprié de concertation et de développement de codes de conduite, de participation au processus décisionnel de gouvernance et de développement d’un leadership féminin, sans oublier l’adoption à grande échelle de plusieurs innovations technologiques.During the period of civil war across Burundi, implementation of environmental policies was deficient and lead to the deterioration of public natural resources. This study was conducted within the Nyarunazi, Munanira hills in Rutegama commune as well as within the hills of Jene, Ndaro, Rorero, Rukere and Manga in Kabarore commune, from June 2009 to September 2011 with the aim to develop relevant participatory mechanisms of good governance of natural resources by increasing sustainable agricultural productivity growth and rehabilitating degrading resources in societies where conflict emerge. This chapter describes results of this approach. One of the strength of this new institution was the acquisition of the bargaining power of good management of the forest heritage of the municipality from dividends. It has thus created an appropriate framework for consultation and development of codes of conduct, participation in the decision-making process of governance and development of women’s leadership as well as the adoption of a large scale of several technological innovations

L'archéologie urbaine : La disparition du terrain vague dans la fiction française contemporaine

Dans ce chapitre introductif, nous dressons un état des lieux des questions de gestion des ressources naturelles dans le contexte post conflit du Burundi et de la RD Congo avec une perspective régionale des grands lacs africains. Ensuite, nous discutons le cercle vicieux entre conflits, dégradation des ressources naturelles et pauvreté et les défis de réhabilitation des ressources naturelles en période post-conflit. La section suivante essaie de définir et circonscrire le concept de post-conflit qui, bien que d’usage courant, pose des problèmes conceptuels et pratiques. D’autres concepts importants tels que la co-gestion, la gouvernance participative et la résilience sont définis dans le contexte de cet ouvrage. Ces définitions permettent alors d’envisager comment renforcer la gouvernance environnementale et de présenter le projet de bonne gouvernance des ressources naturelles collectives dans les sociétés post-conflit (PGRN). Ce projet constitue le soubassement de ce livre. Le cadre conceptuel et l’approche méthodologique du projet sont inspirés par l’apprentissage social adaptif, la recherche action participative et le système d’analyse social. Les incidences et les changements impulsés par le PGRN, les leçons tirées de ce projet et les défis et perspectives d’avenir pour la bonne gouvernance des ressources naturelles, sont ensuite présentés

Déterminants de la pérennité des systèmes antiérosifs au Burundi

La présente étude vise à identifier les déterminants qui contribuent à pérenniser les systèmes antiérosifs au Burundi. Elle a consisté en une enquête sur les caractéristiques de 200 ménages (dont 100 ont conservé les systèmes antiérosifs et 100 autres les ont abandonnés) dans les communes de Kabarore et Rutegama. Les résultats obtenus en analysant les questionnaires d’enquête (test Khi-carré et logit test) et les réponses obtenues au cours des échanges dans les focus group indiquent que ce sont les personnes nanties, mieux informées et formées et disposant d’élevages sont les plus enclines à maintenir un système antiérosif. Par contre, la coercition, les dons en nature ou en espèces ne permettent de maintenir les systèmes que le temps du projet et représentent donc des investissements à éviter. Seules l’animation et la recherche-action participative qui privilégie des technologies faciles (priorités aux haies et non aux fossés) et des incitants qui procurent des ressources aux populations (Herbes fourragères, animaux, Grevillea) et discutés au préalable avec les populations peuvent permettre d’améliorer irréversiblement l’adoption des systèmes antiérosifs.This study was devoted to identify factors contributing to sustainable anti erosive systems in Burundi. An enquiry to determine characteristics of 100 families who maintain anti erosive systems and 100 who have abandoned them in the communes of Kabarorre and Rutegama has been realized. Statistical treatments (test Khi-two of Pearson and logit tests) combined with focus groups indicate that better informed, educated and wealthy persons with livestock are those who tend to maintain anti erosive systems. Coercion, gifts in cash or nature can just maintain the systems the time of the project and ought to be avoided. Sensitization, education, participatory action research based on easy technologies (priority to grass hedges and not to anti erosive ditches) and incentives generating additional resources to population (forage, animals, Grevillea) and previously discussed with farmers can improve sustainable maintenance of anti erosion systems

Effects of Plant Density and Delayed Bean Sowing on Yields, Economic and Nutritional Perfomances of Cassava-Maize-Bean Intercrops: A Case Study in Kirimiro and Mumirwa Agro-ecological zones, Burundi

Cassava-maize-bean intercropping systems testing effects of spacing (plant density) and bean planting date were assessed under two major Burundi agroecological zones (AEZ), Mumirwa and Kirimiro. Evaluated spacing for all three tested crops were as follows: recommended spacing (RS), RS+20 % and RS + 40 %. Bean was planted either at the same time as other two crops or with a 3-week delay. Measured parameters were intercrops’ and total yields, nutrient value (energy, proteins) and economic benefits (gross monetary values, total costs, net returns and value/cost ratio -V/C). Overall measured parameters, beans contributed more in the Kirimiro AEZ, while cassava contributed more in the Mumirwa AEZ. In the Mumirwa AEZ, cassava represented 82 % of the total yields, while bean and maize represented only 11 and 7 %, respectively. In the Kirimiro AEZ, comparative figures were 54 % for cassava, 33 % for bean and 13 % for maize. Cassava represented 64 % of the total energy yields in the Mumirwa AEZ and 20% for maize and 16 % for bean. In the Kirimiro AEZ, similar figures were 34 % for cassava, 46 % for bean and 20 % for maize. Bean contributed 77 % of the total proteins when all three crops were installed at the same time, whereas maize brought in 10 % and cassava 13 % of proteins, respectively. Bean generated 23 % more money in the Kirimiro AEZ while cassava yielded three-times more money in the Mumirwa AEZ. Overall, revenues generated through the cassava + maize + bean intercropping was two times higher in the Mumirwa than in the Kirimiro AEZ. In the Kirimiro AEZ, bean contributed for 60 % of the total monetary values and only 27 % in the Mumirwa AEZ. A similar reflexion applied to cassava indicated that it contributed to the crop yield global monetary value for 67 % in the Mumirwa AEZ and only 30 % in the Kirimiro AEZ. Maize monetary contribution to the global monetary values was 10 % in the Kirimiro AEZ and 6 % in the Mumirwa AEZ. Maize contribution across AEZ was almost insignificant because of its low yields and practiced selling prices. With a V/C ratio of 2.42, the cassava + maize + bean intercropping system was more profitable in the conditions of the Mumirwa AEZ. In the Kirimiro AEZ bean production was 60 % higher when planted at the same time as other crops than when delayed for three-weeks. Similar tendancies were observed for returns (+ 72 %), V/C (+ 34 %), energy (+ 60 %) and proteins (+ 60 %) yields. On the opposite, bean 3-week delay favored maize yield (+ 42 %), energy and proteins yields (+ 42 %). The same trends in agronomic, economic and nutritional values was also observed in the Mumirwa AEZ with lower bean and maize productions but higher cassava yields. In conclusion, all in all, more returns (+ 36 %) were obtained when all three crops were sown/planted at the same time with a V/C ratio = 2.36. In parallel, effect of crop density/spacing indicated that recommended crop spacing increased by 20 % (RS + 20 %) was more economically profitable (V/C=2.39). &nbsp

Biological, Nutritional and Economic Benefits of Cassava-Maize-Bean Intercropping in Kirimiro and Mumirwa Agro-ecological zones, Burundi

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)-maize (Zea mays L.)-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping system is common in Burundi. Nevertheless, despite the undeniable predominance of varied intercropping systems in the current Burundi agriculture landscape, national research programs remain focused on monoculture systems. The global objective of this investigation initiated by ADISCO/UPH was to evaluate the comparative advantages of the cassava-maize-bean intercropping system, relative to corresponding monoculture systems under two major Burundi agro-ecological zones, Kirimiro and Mumirwa. The two cropping systems were assessed on their effects on soil fertility, land equivalent ratio (LER), area x time equivalent ratio (ATER), nutrient value (energy, proteins) and economic benefits (total and net returns, value/cost). The study revealed that cassava-maize-bean intercropping resulted in greater biological land-use efficiency (+ 55 %) and an increase in soil fertility parameters (% C, % N, CEC, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+). Above all, compared to monoculture systems, the gains in energy (kilocalories) associated with the intercropping system varied between + 36% (Kirimiro) and + 59 % (Mumirwa), while those of protein (kg) content ranged from + 28 % to + 51 %, respectively in Kirimiro and Mumirwa. However, the economic efficiency based on the value/cost ratio was low for both cropping systems (V/C=0.6-1.3). From this study, it is transparent that for most farmers, obtaining a well-balanced and regular diet for their family is more meaningful than any other intercropping benefits. In this context, it is more than urgent to find the right crop combinations that would yield better and, at the same time, produce a reasonably well-balanced diet. We then conclude that the development and dissemination of such cropping systems, appropriate to the Burundi rural reality, adapted to climate change, while meeting the nutritional and economic requirements for farmers is, with no doubt the today major challenge for agronomists, extensionists and policymakers alike

Processus d’évaluation des incidences de la gouvernance des ressources naturelles par la méthode « matrice d’influence » au Burundi et Sud Kivu.

Le développement résulte des changements de comportement des gens. La recherche constitue son levier catalyseur. Toutefois, la conceptualisation et la méthodologie d’action restent des défis au cours du processus de transformation de la vie des paysages et des paysans cibles. La question pourrait être donc: quelle est la meilleure approche pour évaluer les projets et les programmes de recherche en Afrique qui permettra de tirer les meilleures leçons apprises des processus interactifs de gouvernance déclenchés au sein des organisations porteuses d’initiatives? La présente étude utilise les outils de la cartographie des incidences « outcome mapping » pour développer les principes d’évaluation des processus de gouvernance multi-acteurs locale sur la base de discussions en focus group, d’interactions avec les experts ainsi que des observations effectuées de mai à juillet 2012 sur les hautes terres du Burundi et du Sud-Kivu en RD-Congo. La démarche a été réalisée dans six sites couvrant deux pays. Il ressort qu’elle permet de cerner les incidences sur la base de variables socio-environnementales ciblées et d’articulations contraignantes perceptibles au cours des initiatives de gouvernance collective des ressources naturelles. Cette démarche pourrait être applicable dans des contextes similaires de gouvernance des ressources naturelles (GRN) dans les tropiques.Development stands as a result of changes in the people’s behavior and research plays the role of development catalyst. However, the conceptualization and methodology of action remain a challenge in the process of transforming lives and landscapes in the target areas. Hence, the question is: what is the best approach to evaluate projects and research programs in Africa to get the best lessons from interactive governance processes triggered within implementing organizations? This study uses outcome mapping tools to develop principles for assessing local governance processes based on multi-stakeholder focus group discussions, interactions with experts, as well as field observations conducted from May to July 2012 in the highlands of Burundi and South Kivu in DR Congo. The process has been described and tested in six sites covering two countries. It appears that the developed methological principles could help identify clearly the impact based on selected socio-environmental variables and perceived farmers’ constraints within collective governance initiatives implemented on the ground in the domain of natural resources management. The designed approach could seemingly be applicable in similar NRM contexts across the tropics beyond the great lakes of Africa

Experimental Study and Comparative Effects of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop residues and effective Microorganisms (EM) on the Fertilizer value of Coffee Pulp Compost

In order to evaluate the fertilizer potentials of the coffee pulp as compost, three field experiments were set up with bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). To that end, the fresh coffee pulp was composted with accelerators addition. Evaluated treatments in a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with 4 replicates were as follows : T1 = Coffee pulp (CP) alone ; T2 = CP + 1 L molasse + 1 L Effective Microorganisms (EM1) + 37 kg of dolomitic lime ; T3 = CP + 16.75 kg of bean residues (BR1) + 16.75 kg of soil (forest soil) ; T4 = CP + 2 L molasse + 2 L EM2 + 74 kg of dolomitic lime ; T5 = CP + 33.5 kg of bean residues (BR2) + 33.5 kg of soil (forest soil) ; T6 = Farm manure + 1.5 T/ha dolomitic lime + 200 kg/ha DAP+ 100 kg/ha KCl + 50 kg/ha Urea and T7 = Control (non amended/fertilised). In both the bean and the first potato (Victoria variety) experiments, recommended organo-mineral fertilization (T6) was not significantly different from either T4 (CP+EM2) or T5 (CP + BR2).  In the second potato (Mabondo) study, T6 (Farm Manure + 60-90-60) produced significantly higher yields than the other treatments (T7, T6, T5, and T4), which did not show any significant differences among them. Across the three field studies, treatments T4 (CP+EM2) and T5 (CP + BR2) are equivalent and substitutable. Nevertheless, being imported, EM is surely problematic with regard to cost, conservation, and manipulation. In that context, we contend that T5 (CP + BR2) is more accessible to farmers and could be widely adopted as a source of organic fertilizer. We then advance that this compost treatment (T5) is the one to be disseminated as a potential coffee pulp-based source of organic fertilizer in coffee-growing Burundi areas. We further propose to test the minerally-complemented T5 (CP+BR2+mineral fertilizers) against the currently recommended Farm Manure+mineral fertilizer applications for bean (18-46-0) and potato (60-90-60) crops. Such an experimental study would evaluate the substitutability of farm manure by CP compost boosted by bean residues addition