THE MACROECONOMIC BASED FINANCIAL IMBALANCE PROCEDURE OF EUROZONE AND THE STRUCTURAL EXPECTATIONS AFTER 2008

In this study, we attempt to analysis macroeconomic imbalances process especially in Eurozone due to its some different features related to global financial crisis after 2008. The concerned different features put forth the alteration macroeconomic effects on the countries included in Eurozone, certainly that fact result in the being different these countries’ structural expectations after 2008. It appears that ways of searching international stability and economic growth have determinative effects on the Eurozone together with some countries’ government debts. Euro Plus Pact, as financial procedure based, consider tax competition in international agreement stability towards to economic growth in the scope of public and private financial obligations in limited access finance. In the addition, the other reason of based financial imbalance procedure is to also use the financial billfold-wallet for developing countries granting emergency loans to member states in return for the enactment of macro economic reforms. But it is forgotten that means that the Eurozone countries have some limited fiscal global integrations also to review of each its own national budget, which in the scope of the financial imbalances procedure

THE FINANCIAL INCENTIVES MANAGE MENT INCLINED TO WARDS ENTREPRENEURS AND ITS APPEARA NCE ON E.U. CO UNTRIES AND TURKEY

The financial incentives aimed at both the fiscal balances and increasing productivity, which are primary objectives by developing countries. This fact has an important systematic role as a systematic plan including the innovation strategies. All over the world, governments should be making financial development programs to the future while they keep the aimed fiscal balances and fiscal incentives in the related other macroeconomic facts. Therefore, they need the optimal fiscal management and public incentive programs having to be shaped via public decision-making, which aim to increase the market productivity level and entrepreneurships’ catching the fiscal resources. In addition, developing countries, like Turkey, need taking lessons from EU countries because of their developed financial management and profitable growth, which is only occurred by means of the suitable fiscal allocation in the productivity market. Hence, the innovation strategies related to financial incentives in the scope of financial management have to being constructed by public decision makers oriented toward entrepreneurs. These structural approaches assist in GDP by the way of investments and market dynamics. On the other hand, the financial applications can inhibit some the aimed utility of financial incentives, but the national tax structure and tax applications would not be suitable and congenial in the current fiscal events. However, the public financial management that is carried on by public fiscal approach must be revised and regulated aimed at entrepreneurships and national investments. This means that financial incentives decisions have to be considered by financial market dynamics together with in the production and market entrepreneurs. It is appear that this approach results in fiscal enabling factors, which regard the fiscal knowledge capabilities in the innovation-cycle management

STRUKTURNA LOKACIJA KOMPONENTI ZA MAKRO RIZIK U OECD-U I STRUKTURALNOST ZA IZNENADNE FINANCIJSKE PROMJENE ZA VJEROVATNI KRIZNI PROCES

In this study, we have aimed to determine what mean and what their effects are the macro components as financial different values that can cause the probably financial crises in OECD. Because, it appears that these macro elements such as inflation rates, employment rates, labor force participation rates and really different wage rates are not in the structural harmonization, which are accepted an important matter for especially probable financial crises. in this case the considered aim for OECD member countries is not to be to ensure only the associated financial and economic harmonization process in between these countries, but these should be to maintain the common macro policies that have to affect OECD’s the desired global economic face. When different economic growth trends are taken into consideration within the scope of OECD countries, it is observed that when different economic ratios are taken into consideration, the possibility of financial crisis increases even more. In addition, when this structural position is emphasized in terms of the European Union, it is understood that the OECD member countries express also an important risk for EU member countries. This fact explains also why the OECD countries after the 2009 crisis were affected differently from this financial crisis in light of these indicators. OECD countries have to maintain for the global markets also different consumer and global production confidence that effect on the cyclical upturn alteration by years and these all are parts of the associated macro financial components that should be considered suddenly financial alterations for probable connected with financial formations. On the other hand, this phenomenon related to OECD countries may be also interpreted that is OECD countries manipulate also substantially the financial crisis of euro area.U članku se analizira značenje i utjecaj makro elemenata/komponenata kao financijski različitih vrijednosti koje mogu uzrokovati financijske krize u OECD-u. Za pretpostaviti je da makro elementi kao što su stope inflacije, stope zaposlenosti, stope sudjelovanja radne snage i znatno različite stope plaća nisu u strukturalnoj harmonizaciji, koja je prihvaćena kao važan čimbenik vjerojatne financijske krize. Cilj zemalja članica OECD-a nije samo da osigura proces financijske i ekonomske harmonizacije među zemljama članicama, nego je i održavanje zajedničke makro politike koja mora utjecati na željenu globalnu gospodarsku poziciju OECD-a. Kada se u okviru zemalja OECD-a uzmu u obzir različiti trendovi gospodarskog rasta, uočava se, kada se promatraju različiti ekonomski omjeri, da je mogućnost financijske krize još veća. Osim toga, kada je ta strukturna pozicija naglašena unutar Europske unije, podrazumijeva se da zemlje članice OECD-a izražavaju i važan rizik za zemlje članice EU-a. Ova činjenica objašnjava i zašto su zemlje OECD-a nakon krize 2009. bile različito pogođene kada se promatraju navedeni pokazatelji. Zemlje OECD-a moraju održavati na globalnim tržištima različito povjerenje potrošača i globalne proizvodnje koje utječu na cikličku promjenu uzleta po godinama. S druge strane, ovaj fenomen koji se odnosi na zemlje OECD-a može značajno utjecati na na financijsku krizu eurozone

STRUKTURNA LOKACIJA KOMPONENTI ZA MAKRO RIZIK U OECD-U I STRUKTURALNOST ZA IZNENADNE FINANCIJSKE PROMJENE ZA VJEROVATNI KRIZNI PROCES

In this study, we have aimed to determine what mean and what their effects are the macro components as financial different values that can cause the probably financial crises in OECD. Because, it appears that these macro elements such as inflation rates, employment rates, labor force participation rates and really different wage rates are not in the structural harmonization, which are accepted an important matter for especially probable financial crises. in this case the considered aim for OECD member countries is not to be to ensure only the associated financial and economic harmonization process in between these countries, but these should be to maintain the common macro policies that have to affect OECD’s the desired global economic face. When different economic growth trends are taken into consideration within the scope of OECD countries, it is observed that when different economic ratios are taken into consideration, the possibility of financial crisis increases even more. In addition, when this structural position is emphasized in terms of the European Union, it is understood that the OECD member countries express also an important risk for EU member countries. This fact explains also why the OECD countries after the 2009 crisis were affected differently from this financial crisis in light of these indicators. OECD countries have to maintain for the global markets also different consumer and global production confidence that effect on the cyclical upturn alteration by years and these all are parts of the associated macro financial components that should be considered suddenly financial alterations for probable connected with financial formations. On the other hand, this phenomenon related to OECD countries may be also interpreted that is OECD countries manipulate also substantially the financial crisis of euro area.U članku se analizira značenje i utjecaj makro elemenata/komponenata kao financijski različitih vrijednosti koje mogu uzrokovati financijske krize u OECD-u. Za pretpostaviti je da makro elementi kao što su stope inflacije, stope zaposlenosti, stope sudjelovanja radne snage i znatno različite stope plaća nisu u strukturalnoj harmonizaciji, koja je prihvaćena kao važan čimbenik vjerojatne financijske krize. Cilj zemalja članica OECD-a nije samo da osigura proces financijske i ekonomske harmonizacije među zemljama članicama, nego je i održavanje zajedničke makro politike koja mora utjecati na željenu globalnu gospodarsku poziciju OECD-a. Kada se u okviru zemalja OECD-a uzmu u obzir različiti trendovi gospodarskog rasta, uočava se, kada se promatraju različiti ekonomski omjeri, da je mogućnost financijske krize još veća. Osim toga, kada je ta strukturna pozicija naglašena unutar Europske unije, podrazumijeva se da zemlje članice OECD-a izražavaju i važan rizik za zemlje članice EU-a. Ova činjenica objašnjava i zašto su zemlje OECD-a nakon krize 2009. bile različito pogođene kada se promatraju navedeni pokazatelji. Zemlje OECD-a moraju održavati na globalnim tržištima različito povjerenje potrošača i globalne proizvodnje koje utječu na cikličku promjenu uzleta po godinama. S druge strane, ovaj fenomen koji se odnosi na zemlje OECD-a može značajno utjecati na na financijsku krizu eurozone

ORDER EQUALITIES IN DIFFERENT METRICS FOR MODULI OF SMOOTHNESS OF VARIOUS ORDERS

In this paper, we obtain order equalities for the $k$th order $L_{q}(T)$-moduli of smoothness $\omega_{k}(f;\delta)_{q}$ in terms of expressions that contain the $l$th order $L_{p}(T)$-moduli of smoothness $\omega_{ l }(f;\delta)_{p}$ on the class of periodic functions $f\in L_{p}(T)$ with monotonically decreasing Fourier coefficients, where $1<p<q<\infty,$ $k,l \in \mathbb{N},$ and \(T=(-\pi,\pi].\

New constraints on micro-seismicity and stress state in the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone : Observations from a dense seismic array

Major funding was provided by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under grant NE/I028017/1 and partially supported by Boğaziçi University Research Fund (BAP) under grant 6922. We would like to thank all the project members from the University of Leeds, Boğaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory, Aberdeen University and Sakarya University. I would also like to thank Prof. Ali Pinar and Dr. Kıvanç Kekovalı for their valuable comments. Some of the figures were generated by GMT software (Wessel and Smith, 1995).Peer reviewedPostprin

Diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology versus concurrent core needle biopsy in evaluation of intrathoracic lesions: A retrospective comparative study

Background: Transthoracic fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and core needle biopsy (CNB) are two commonly used approaches for the diagnosis of suspected neoplastic intrathoracic lesions. This study compared the diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytology and concurrent CNB in the evaluation of intrathoracic lesions. Materials and Methods: We studied FNA cytology and concurrent CNB specimens of 127 patients retrospectively, using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), immunohistochemistry, and, on certain occasions cytochemistry. Information regarding additional tissue tests was derived from the electronic archives of the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine as well as patient records. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated for each test. Results: Of 127 cases, 22 were inconclusive and excluded from the study. The remaining 105 were categorized into 73 (69.5) malignant lesions and 32 (30.5) benign lesions. FNA and CNB findings were in complete agreement in 63 cases (60). The accuracy and confidence intervals (CIs) of FNA and CNB for malignant tumors were 86.3 (CI: 79.3-90.7) and 93.2 (CI: 87.3-96.0) respectively. For epithelial malignant neoplasms, a definitive diagnosis was made in 44.8 of cases by FNA and 80.6 by CNB. The diagnostic accuracy of CNB for nonepithelial malignant neoplasms was 83.3 compared with 50 for FNA. Of the 32 benign cases, we made specific diagnoses in 16 with diagnostic accuracy of 81.3 and 6.3 for CNB and FNA, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that FNA is comparable to CNB in the diagnosis of malignant epithelial lesions whereas diagnostic accuracy of CNB for nonepithlial malignant neoplasms is superior to that for FNA. Further, for histological typing of tumors and examining tumor origin, immunohistochemical work up plays an important role

ИДЕАЛЫ УЧЕНИЯ «АЛ-ВАСАТЫЙА» ДЛЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ

The article is devoted to the modern trends of formation of innovative ideas and practices in economics, socio-environmental issues and culture. They are analysed through the prism of the fundamental problems of world development. First of all, they are forming within the concept of sustainable development, elaborated under the auspices of the UNO, as well as in the theory of Islamic economy based on Quranic precept of Justice in all human relations. In many ways these models are alternatives to the radical postulates of neo-liberal capitalism and are guidelines for the approval of a new development paradigm.В статье через призму фундаментальных проблем мирового развития анализируются тенденции становления передовых идей и практик экономического, социально-экологического и культурного характера. Прежде всего они формируются в рамках концепции устойчивого развития разрабатываемой специалистами ПРООН (Программы развития Организации Обьединенных Наций), а также в теории исламской экономики, опирающейся на коранический завет о справедливости и умеренности во всех человеческих отношениях. По многим параметрам эти модели альтернативны радикальным постулатам неолиберальной системы капитализма и представляют ориентиры для утверждения новой парадигмы развития