46 research outputs found
Radiation-Induced Degradation Mechanism of X-ray SOI Pixel Sensors with Pinned Depleted Diode Structure
The X-ray Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) pixel sensor named XRPIX has been
developed for the future X-ray astronomical satellite FORCE. XRPIX is capable
of a wide-band X-ray imaging spectroscopy from below 1 keV to a few tens of keV
with a good timing resolution of a few tens of s. However, it had a major
issue with its radiation tolerance to the total ionizing dose (TID) effect
because of its thick buried oxide layer due to the SOI structure. Although new
device structures introducing pinned depleted diodes dramatically improved
radiation tolerance, it remained unknown how radiation effects degrade the
sensor performance. Thus, this paper reports the results of a study of the
degradation mechanism of XRPIX due to radiation using device simulations. In
particular, mechanisms of increases in dark current and readout noise are
investigated by simulation, taking into account the positive charge
accumulation in the oxide layer and the increase in the surface recombination
velocity at the interface between the sensor layer and the oxide layer. As a
result, it is found that the depletion of the buried p-well at the interface
increases the dark current, and that the increase in the sense-node capacitance
increases the readout noise.Comment: 7 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in IEEE-TN
日本における保険診療全透析患者追跡と死亡数の現状
Background: The survival rate of chronic dialysis patients in Japan remains the highest worldwide, so there is value in presenting Japan's situation internationally. We examined whether aggregate figures on dialysis patients in the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Special Health Checkups of Japan (NDB), which contains data on insured procedures of approximately 100 million Japanese residents, complement corresponding figures in the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy Renal Data Registry (JRDR). Methods: Subjects were patients with medical fee points for dialysis recorded in the NDB during 2014-2018. We analyzed annual numbers of dialysis cases, newly initiated dialysis cases- and deaths. Results: Compared with the JRDR, the NDB had about 6-7% fewer dialysis cases but a similar number of newly initiated dialysis cases. In the NDB, the number of deaths was about 6-10% lower, and the number of hemodialysis cases was lower, while that of peritoneal dialysis cases was higher. The cumulative survival rate at dialysis initiation was approximately 6 percentage points lower in the NDB than in the JRDR, indicating that some patients die at dialysis initiation. Cumulative survival rate by age group was roughly the same between the NDB and JRDR in both sexes. Conclusion: The use of the NDB enabled us to aggregate data of dialysis patients. With the definition of dialysis patients used in this study, analyses of concomitant medications, comorbidities, surgeries, and therapies will become possible, which will be useful in many future studies.博士(医学)・甲第818号・令和4年3月15日© 2021. The Author(s). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attri bution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adapta tion, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long
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抗PD-1抗体への化学療法の併用はmyeloid-derived suppressor cellsを減少させることにより中皮腫の増殖を抑制する
Background: The combination of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody with chemotherapy has been approved for the first-line therapy of lung cancer. However, the effects against malignant mesothelioma (MPM) and the immunological mechanisms by which chemotherapy enhances the effect of targeting PD-1/PD-L1 in MPM are poorly understood.
Materials and Methods: We utilized syngeneic mouse models of MPM and lung cancer and assessed the therapeutic effects of anti-PD-1 antibody and its combination with cisplatin (CDDP) and pemetrexed (PEM). An immunological analysis of tumor-infiltrating cells was performed with immunohistochemistry.
Results: We observed significant therapeutic effects of anti-PD-1 antibody against MPM. Although the effect was associated with CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in tumors, the number of Foxp3+ cells was not reduced but rather increased. Consequently, combination with CDDP/PEM significantly enhanced the antitumor effects of anti-PD-1 antibody by decreasing numbers of intratumoral myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and vessels probably through suppression of VEGF expression by CDDP+PEM.
Conclusions: The combination of anti-PD-1 antibody with CDDP+PEM may be a promising therapy for MPM via inhibiting the accumulation of MDSCs and vessels in tumors
Single Event Tolerance of X-ray SOI Pixel Sensors
We evaluate the single event tolerance of the X-ray silicon-on-insulator
(SOI) pixel sensor named XRPIX, developed for the future X-ray astronomical
satellite FORCE. In this work, we measure the cross-section of single event
upset (SEU) of the shift register on XRPIX by irradiating heavy ion beams with
linear energy transfer (LET) ranging from 0.022 MeV/(mg/cm2) to 68
MeV/(mg/cm2). From the SEU cross-section curve, the saturation cross-section
and threshold LET are successfully obtained to be and ,
respectively. Using these values, the SEU rate in orbit is estimated to be
0.1 event/year primarily due to the secondary particles induced by
cosmic-ray protons. This SEU rate of the shift register on XRPIX is negligible
in the FORCE orbit.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in JATI
X-ray Radiation Damage Effects on Double-SOI Pixel Detectors for the Future Astronomical Satellite "FORCE"
We have been developing the monolithic active pixel detector "XRPIX" onboard
the future X-ray astronomical satellite "FORCE". XRPIX is composed of CMOS
pixel circuits, SiO2 insulator, and Si sensor by utilizing the
silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. When the semiconductor detector is
operated in orbit, it suffers from radiation damage due to X-rays emitted from
the celestial objects as well as cosmic rays. From previous studies, positive
charges trapped in the SiO2 insulator are known to cause the degradation of the
detector performance. To improve the radiation hardness, we developed XRPIX
equipped with Double-SOI (D-SOI) structure, introducing an additional silicon
layer in the SiO2 insulator. This structure is aimed at compensating for the
effect of the trapped positive charges. Although the radiation hardness to
cosmic rays of the D-SOI detectors has been evaluated, the radiation effect due
to the X-ray irradiation has not been evaluated. Then, we conduct an X-ray
irradiation experiment using an X-ray generator with a total dose of 10 krad at
the SiO2 insulator, equivalent to 7 years in orbit. As a result of this
experiment, the energy resolution in full-width half maximum for the 5.9 keV
X-ray degrades by 17.8 2.8% and the dark current increases by 89
13%. We also investigate the physical mechanism of the increase in the dark
current due to X-ray irradiation using TCAD simulation. It is found that the
increase in the dark current can be explained by the increase in the interface
state density at the Si/SiO2 interface.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Journal of
Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and System
Formation of Zwitterionic Fullerodendron Using a New DBN-Focal Dendron
A new poly(amidoamine) dendron having 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) at the focal point was synthesized. Interestingly, formation of zwitterionic fullerodendrons (λmax = 930 nm for C60 and 795 nm for C70) were observed by Vis-NIR spectroscopy upon the reaction of C60 or C70 with the DBN-focal dendron. In particular, the C70 anion was effectively stabilized by the site isolation effect of the dendritic wedge. The half-life of fullerodendron 12b having C70 anion at the focal point reaches 7,345 min, which is 20 times longer than that of complex between C60 and pristine DBN. Furthermore, in order to confirm the structure of the zwitterionic complex, fullerodendron 12a was reprecipitated from benzonitrile/1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and was observed using IR spectroscopy and APPI-MS
Pneumonia Caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Influenza Virus: A Multicenter Comparative Study
Background: Detailed differences in clinical information between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia (CP), which is the main phenotype of SARS-CoV-2 disease, and influenza pneumonia (IP) are still unclear. Methods: A prospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted by including patients with CP who were hospitalized between January and June 2020 and a retrospective cohort of patients with IP hospitalized from 2009 to 2020. We compared the clinical presentations and studied the prognostic factors of CP and IP. Results: Compared with the IP group (n = 66), in the multivariate analysis, the CP group (n = 362) had a lower percentage of patients with underlying asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P < .01), lower neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (P < .01), lower systolic blood pressure (P < .01), higher diastolic blood pressure (P < .01), lower aspartate aminotransferase level (P < .05), higher serum sodium level (P < .05), and more frequent multilobar infiltrates (P < .05). The diagnostic scoring system based on these findings showed excellent differentiation between CP and IP (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.889). Moreover, the prognostic predictors were different between CP and IP. Conclusions: Comprehensive differences between CP and IP were revealed, highlighting the need for early differentiation between these 2 pneumonias in clinical settings