Generation and Computerized Simulation of Meshing and Contact of Modified Involute Helical Gears

The design and generation of modified involute helical gears that have a localized and stable bearing contact, and reduced noise and vibration characteristics are described. The localization of the bearing contact is achieved by the mismatch of the two generating surfaces that are used for generation of the pinion and the gear. The reduction of noise and vibration will be achieved by application of a parabolic function of transmission errors that is able to absorb the almost linear function of transmission errors caused by gear misalignment. The meshing and contact of misaligned gear drives can be analyzed by application of computer programs that have been developed. The computations confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed modification of the gear geometry. A numerical example that illustrates the developed theory is provided

Computerized Design and Generation of Low-Noise Gears with Localized Bearing Contact

The results of research projects directed at the reduction of noise caused by misalignment of the following gear drives: double-circular arc helical gears, modified involute helical gears, face-milled spiral bevel gears, and face-milled formate cut hypoid gears are presented. Misalignment in these types of gear drives causes periodic, almost linear discontinuous functions of transmission errors. The period of such functions is the cycle of meshing when one pair of teeth is changed for the next. Due to the discontinuity of such functions of transmission errors high vibration and noise are inevitable. A predesigned parabolic function of transmission errors that is able to absorb linear discontinuous functions of transmission errors and change the resulting function of transmission errors into a continuous one is proposed. The proposed idea was successfully tested using spiral bevel gears and the noise was reduced a substantial amount in comparison with the existing design. The idea of a predesigned parabolic function is applied for the reduction of noise of helical and hypoid gears. The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been investigated by developed TCA (tooth contact analysis) programs. The bearing contact for the mentioned gears is localized. Conditions that avoid edge contact for the gear drives have been determined. Manufacturing of helical gears with new topology by hobs and grinding worms has been investigated

Prevotella genus and its related NOD-like receptor signaling pathway in young males with stage III periodontitis

BackgroundAs periodontitis progresses, the oral microbiota community changes dynamically. In this study, we evaluated the dominant bacteria and their roles in the potential pathway in young males with stage III periodontitis.Methods16S rRNA sequencing was performed to evaluate variations in the composition of oral bacteria between males with stage I and III periodontitis and identify the dominant bacteria of each group. Function prediction was obtained based on 16S rRNA sequencing data. The inhibitor of the predominant pathway for stage III periodontitis was used to investigate the role of the dominant bacteria in periodontitis in vivo and in vitro.ResultsChao1 index, Observed Species and Phylogenetic Diversity (PD) whole tree values were significantly higher in the stage III periodontitis group. β-diversity suggested that samples could be divided according to the stages of periodontitis. The dominant bacteria in stage III periodontitis were Prevotella, Prevotella_7, and Dialister, whereas that in stage I periodontitis was Cardiobacterium. KEGG analysis predicted that variations in the oral microbiome may be related to the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. The inhibitor of this pathway, NOD-IN-1, decreased P. intermedia -induced Tnf-α mRNA expression and increased P. intermedia -induced Il-6 mRNA expression, consistent with the ELISA results. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the down-regulation of TNF-α and IL-6 expressions by NOD-IN-1 in P. intermedia–induced periodontitis.ConclusionThe composition of the oral bacteria in young males varied according to the stage of periodontitis. The species richness of oral microtia was greater in young males with stage III periodontitis than those with stage I periodontitis. Prevotella was the dominant bacteria in young males with stage III periodontitis, and inhibition of the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway can decrease the periodontal inflammation induced by P. intermedia

Diversity in gut bacterial community of school-age children in Asia

10.1038/srep08397Scientific Reports

Transfer processes of water and agricultural contaminants in the Chalk unsaturated zone

L'aquifère de la craie est une ressource importante d'eau potable mais sa qualité s’est dégradée à cause de l'utilisation d'engrais et de pesticides. La craie est un milieu hétérogène avec double porosité : matrice et fractures, et souvent recouverte par l’argile à silex. Le but de cette étude est de caractériser le processus de transfert d'eau et de contaminants dans la zone non saturée (ZNS) et de comprendre comment ils sont impactés par la ZNS. Cette étude est réalisée sur la carrière souterraine de Saint-Martin-le-Nœud. La craie est recouverte par une couche d’argile à silex d’épaisseur variable. La carrière est à la limite de la ZNS et la zone saturée permettant d’avoir un accès direct à la ZNS. Au plafond, l’eau percole et dans la partie basses, la nappe affleure formant ainsi des lacs. Les propriétés hydrochimiques et hydrodynamiques de 16 sites (lac+percolation) ont été suivies dans le temps. La variation spatio-temporelle des eaux souterraines montre : l'eau et les contaminants sont transférés principalement par la matrice (~1 m/an) et une partie transférée par les fractures (~100 m/an) et ces vitesses varient en fonction du type de molécule ; les transferts sont principalement sous l'effet piston avec une partie en transfert direct ; le front de contaminants descend vers la nappe plus profonde avec une vitesse de 1m/an. La ZNS impactent le transfert d’eau et de contaminants et la dégradation des pesticides : plus la nappe est profonde, moins elle est contaminée ; l’argile à silex favorise la dégradation des pesticides en créant une nappe perchée en proche surface ; l’argile à silex accélère les transferts d’eau et des contaminants par les chemins préférentiels.The chalk aquifer is an important source of drinking water, and the quality of which has deteriorated in recent decades, due to the use of fertilizers and pesticides on the surface. Chalk is a heterogeneous medium because of its double porosity: matrix and fractures, and often covered by superficial formations. The purpose of this thesis is to characterize the transfer processes of water and contaminants in the unsaturated zone (UZ), and to understand how they are influenced by the properties of the UZ. This study is carried out on the underground quarry of Saint-Martin-le-Nœud. The chalk is covered by a layer of clay of varying thickness. The quarry is at the boundary between the UZ and the saturated zone (ZS) allows direct access to the ZNS. On the ceiling, the water percolates and in the lower parts watertable forms lakes. The hydrochemical and hydrodynamic properties of 16 sites (lake + percolation) were observed for several years. The study of the spatio-temporal variation of groundwater shows: water and contaminants are transferred mainly by the matrix (~1 m / year) with a part transferred by fractures (~100 m / year) and these transfer rates vary depending on the type of molecule (different between solute and organic molecule); the transfers are mainly results of the piston flow with a small part of direct transfer. Characteristics of the UZ’ effect on water and contaminants transfers and pesticide degradation: deeper water table has fewer contaminants; clay-with-flints promotes pesticide degradation by creating a perched sheet in the near surface; clay-with-flints accelerates the transfer of water and contaminants through preferential paths

Spatial Correlation Network Structure of Carbon Emission Efficiency of Railway Transportation in China and Its Influencing Factors

Railway carbon emissions reduction is of great significance. In this study, carbon emission efficiency in railway transportation in China’s 31 provinces is measured for 2006–2019 based on an unexpected output slack-based measure (SBM) model. A gravity matrix of the spatial correlation network for carbon emission efficiency is constructed using the modified gravity model, the spatial network structure is explored using social network analysis, and the factors influencing the spatial network are analyzed using the quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) model. Based on the results, several conclusions can be drawn: (1) the carbon emissions efficiency of railway transportation in China increased periodically during the study period, but there are still great differences between regions. (2) The carbon emission efficiency in railway transportation shows significant characteristics of spatial correlation networks. (3) The inter-provincial associations gradually increased, while there are still large regional differences in the spatial correlation network. (4) Differences in spatial adjacency, economic development and scientific and technological advancement have significant positive impacts on the spatial correlation network. This research will help policy makers formulate relevant policies to promote the regional coordinated development of low-carbon railway transportation

Empirical analysis of useful financial ratios : Hong Kong and Singapore.

It is an empirical study on the usefulness of financial ratios in Hong Kong's and Singapore's context

Transfer process of water and solute in the unsaturated zone of chalk.

International audienc