Phylogenetics of the paleartic model grass "brachypodium sylvaticum" uncovers two divergent oriental and occidental micro-taxa lineages

Brachypodium sylvaticum has been selected as a model for perennial grasses, and considerable genomic resources have been generated and a reference genome and several resequenced pangenome accessions are available for this species. Despite these genomic advances, the evolution and systematics of diploid B. sylvaticum s. l. is almost unknown. The B. sylvaticum complex is formed by up to seven taxonomically close micro-taxa which differentiate from typical B. sylvaticum s. s. based on a few morphological features. Moreover, some of them show some largely disjunct geographic distributions on both sides of their native Palearctic region. In this study, we used a phylogenomic approach including representative populations from the oriental and occidental distribution range of B. sylvaticum micro-taxa to elucidate their evolutionary relationships and assess the systematic value of the morphological features that separate them. A combined plastome and nuclear phylogenetic tree supports an early split and high divergence of the oriental lineage, showing the close relationship of the Himalayan B. sylvaticum var. breviglume lineages to the Pacific B. miserum / B. kurilense clade, and the contrasting large homogeneity and low divergence of the occidental European, N African and SW and C Asian lineage, with several B. sylvaticum s. s., B. spryginii, and B. glaucovirens samples showing identical or similar sequences. Divergence time estimate analysis suggests that the oriental lineage diverged from the common ancestor in the early Pleistocene (2.0 Ma), followed by subsequent colonization and isolations in the Himalayas (2.0 – 1.7 Ma) and the Far East (0.36 Ma) in more recent times, while the occidental lineage split in the Mid-Late Pleistocene (0.97 Ma), followed by rapid radiation and postglacial spread in the western Paleartic during the last thousand years

IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 16

[EN] Inula helenioides DC., I. langeana Beck, I. maletii Maire, I. montana L., I. oculus-christi L., I. salicina L. (Asteraceae)

Chromosome Numbers of Selected Vascular Plant Species from Sakhalin, Moneron and the Kurile Islands

Chromosome numbers for 33 vascular plant species of 29 genera and 16 families, from Sakhalin, Moneron and the Kurile Islands, are given. The chromosome numbers were reported here for the first time for following 11 taxa: Acelidanthus anticleoides, Artemisia unalaskensis, Carex microtricha, Gaultheria miqueliana, Hypericum yezoense, Macropodium pterospermum, Pinguicula macroceras, Poa sugawarae, Rumex regelii, Taraxacum vestitum, Tephroseris kawakamii. In addition, for 12 species new cytotypes were revealed. At present, in Sakhalin, Moneron and the Kurile Islands chromosome numbers have been counted for 505 species, it means for about 18% of the total number of vascular plants in the Kuriles, and 24.5% in Sakhalin. Chromosome numbers are counted now also for 20 species from Moneron.Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin vol.

Further Chromosome Studies on Vascular Plant Species from Sakhalin, Moneran and Kurile Islands

Chromosome numbers for 86 vascular plant species of 69 genera and 32 families, from Sakhalin, Moneron and Kurile Islands, are given. The chromosome numbers are reported here for the first time for the following 17 species: Arabis japonica, Artemisia punctigera, Calamagrostis urelytra, Callianthemum sachalinense, Cerastium sugawarae, Dianthus sachalinensis, Lonicera tolmatchevii, Melandrium sachalinense, Myosotis sachalinensis, Oxytropis austrosachalinensis, O. helenae, O. sachalinensis, Polemonium schizanthum, Ranunculus hultenii, Rubus pseudochamaemorus, Scrophularia grayana and Senecio dubitabilis. In addition, for Alchemilla gracilis, Allium ochotense, Caltha fistulosa, Chrysosplenium kamtschaticum, Draba cinerea, Echinochloa occidentalis, Erysimum pallasii, Sagina crassicaulis and Stellaria fenzlii, new cytotypes were revealed. At present, in Sakhalin, Moneron and the Kurile Islands chromosome numbers have been counted for 536 species. Chromosome numbers are now known for 48 species from Moneron.Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin vol.

Additions to Chromosome Numbers for Vascular Plants from Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands (1)

As a supplement to chromosome information published in the book entitled "Caryology of the flora of Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands" (Probatova, Barkalov, Rudyka 2007), the chromosome numbers for 57 vascular plant species from Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands (44 genera, 21 families), are presented here. Twenty-two species were added to the Annotated list in the book mentioned above. Chromosome numbers are reported for the first time in the following six species: Cardamine sachalinensis, Elymus franchetii, Minuartia barkalovii, Oxytropis calcareorum, Persicaria extremiorientalis, Popoviocodonia stenocarpa (the first chromosome information for the genus Popoviocodonia). Additionally, new cytotypes are revealed in three species: Lathyrus pilosus, Oxytropis hidakamontana, and Potentilla matsumurae.Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin vol.

Origin of the Rare Hybrid Genus ×<i>Trisetokoeleria</i> Tzvelev (<i>Poaceae</i>) According to Molecular Phylogenetic Data

In our article, we analyzed new data on the origin of the hybrid genus ×Trisetokoeleria. According to the morphological criteria ×T. jurtzevii is a hybrid between Koeleria asiatica s. l. and Trisetum spicatum, ×T. taimyrica, and originated from Koeleria asiatica s. l. and Trisetum subalpestre, ×T. gorodkowii, a hybrid between Koeleria asiatica and Trisetum ruprechtianum. Later ×T. taimyrica was transferred to Koeleria. Parental taxa are prone to active hybridization themselves, thus, new methods of next-generation sequencing (NGS) were needed to clarify the relationships of these genera. For NGS we used the fragment 18S rDNA (part)–ITS1–5.8S rDNA (totally 441 accessions). We analyzed ITS1–5.8S rDNA–ITS2 region, trnL–trnF and trnK–rps16 from eight samples of the five species, using the Sanger method: ×Trisetokoeleria jurtzevii, ×T. taimyrica, Koeleria asiatica, Sibirotrisetum sibiricum (=Trisetum sibiricum), and Trisetum spicatum. We also studied the pollen fertility of ×Trisetokoeleria and its possible progenitors. Our data partly contradicted previous assumptions, based on morphological grounds, and showed us a picture of developed introgression within and between Koeleria and Trisetum. ×T. jurtzevii, a totally sterile hybrid formed rather recently. We can suppose that ×T. jurtzevii is a hybrid between K. asiatica and some Trisetum s. str. Species, but not T. spicatum. ×T. gorodkowii, a hybrid in the stage of primary stabilization; it has one unique ribotype related to T. spicatum s. l. The second parental species is unrelated to Trisetum ruprechtianum. ×T. taimyrica and is a stabilized hybrid species; it shares major ribotypes with the T. spicatum/T. wrangelense group and has a minor fraction of rDNA related to genus Deyeuxia s. l

New Insights into the Genomic Structure of Avena L.: Comparison of the Divergence of A-Genome and One C-Genome Oat Species

We used next-generation sequencing analysis of the 3&prime;-part of 18S rDNA, ITS1, and a 5&prime;-part of the 5.8S rDNA region to understand genetic variation among seven diploid A-genome Avena species. We used 4&ndash;49 accessions per species that represented the As genome (A. atlantica, A. hirtula, and wiestii), Ac genome (A.&nbsp;canariensis), Ad genome (A. damascena), Al genome (A. longiglumis), and Ap genome (A. prostrata). We also took into our analysis one C-genome species, A. clauda, which previously was found to be related to A-genome species. The sequences of 169 accessions revealed 156 haplotypes of which seven haplotypes were shared by two to five species. We found 16 ribotypes that consisted of a unique sequence with a characteristic pattern of single nucleotide polymorphisms and deletions. The number of ribotypes per species varied from one in A. longiglumis to four in A. wiestii. Although most ribotypes were species-specific, we found two ribotypes shared by three species (one for A. damascena, A. hirtula, and A. wiestii, and the second for A. longiglumis, A. atlantica, and A. wiestii), and a third ribotype shared between A. atlantica and A. wiestii. A characteristic feature of the A. clauda ribotype, a diploid C-genome species, is that two different families of ribotypes have been found in this species. Some of these ribotypes are characteristic of Cc-genome species, whereas others are closely related to As-genome ribotypes. This means that A. clauda can be a hybrid between As- and C-genome oats