350 research outputs found
Izolacija alkaloida iz prirodnih spojeva
Od davnina pa sve do današnjih dana ljudi proučavaju alkaloide. Alkalodi su organski
spojevi bazičnih svojstava koji sadrţe dušikove atome. Različita svojstva alkaloida
(topljivost, struktura) omogućavaju i njihovu izolaciju. U ovom radu se obraĎuje izolacija i
svojstva purinskih alkaloida kofeina, teobromina, te piperina. Primjenom standardnih metoda
koje uključuju postupke ekstrakcije izolirani su navedeni alkaloidi iz kave, čaja, kakaa i papra.From ancient times until the present day, alkaloids are being studied. Alkaloids are organic
compounds containing nitrogen atoms. Different properties of alkaloids (solubility, structure)
enable their separation. This final year project decribes the isolation and properties of purine
alkaloids such as caffeine, theobromine, and also piperine. Applying the standard described
methods the aforementioned alkaloids were isolated from coffee, tea, cocoa and pepper
Izolacija alkaloida iz prirodnih spojeva
Od davnina pa sve do današnjih dana ljudi proučavaju alkaloide. Alkalodi su organski
spojevi bazičnih svojstava koji sadrţe dušikove atome. Različita svojstva alkaloida
(topljivost, struktura) omogućavaju i njihovu izolaciju. U ovom radu se obraĎuje izolacija i
svojstva purinskih alkaloida kofeina, teobromina, te piperina. Primjenom standardnih metoda
koje uključuju postupke ekstrakcije izolirani su navedeni alkaloidi iz kave, čaja, kakaa i papra.From ancient times until the present day, alkaloids are being studied. Alkaloids are organic
compounds containing nitrogen atoms. Different properties of alkaloids (solubility, structure)
enable their separation. This final year project decribes the isolation and properties of purine
alkaloids such as caffeine, theobromine, and also piperine. Applying the standard described
methods the aforementioned alkaloids were isolated from coffee, tea, cocoa and pepper
Synthesis of Sulfimide and Sulfoximide Derivatives of Benzo[b]thiophene
Prema dostupnoj literaturi, do danas je poznat samo jedan sulfiliminski derivat benzo[b]tiofena
te sulfiliminski i sulfoksiminski derivati monocikličkog tiofena. VoĎeni tom spoznajom u ovom radu
su pripremljeni poznati sulfiliminski te potpuno novi sulfoksiminski derivat benzo[b]tiofena. Poznatom
sintezom sulfilimina N[1λ4benzo[b]tiofeniliden]-4-metilbenzensulfonamida (15) priredio se spoj čijom
oksidacijom smo ţeljeli dobiti njegov sulfoksimin. Nakon nekoliko pokušanih oksidacija kao i
pripreme drugih analoga prethodno navedenog sulfilimina, uspješno je pripremljen sulfoksimin 4-
metil-N-[1-okso-1H-1λ6benzo[b]tiofen-1-iliden]benzensulfonamid oksidacijom pomoću H2O2-P2O5
reagensa. Sulfoksimin 17 je sulfoksiminski derivat benzo[b]tiofena. Usporedbom IR spektra, 1H i 13C
NMR spektra sulfilimina 15 i sulfoksimina 17 utvrĎeno je da se radi o novom spoju.According to the available literature, up to present date, only one sulfilimine derivative of
benzo[b]thiophene is reported and several sulfilimine and sulfoximine derivatives of monocyclic
thiophene. Guided by this fact, we have prepared the reported sulfilimine and new sulfoximine
derivative of benzo[b]thiophene that was previously unknown. The known synthesis of sulfilimine N-
[1λ4-benzo[b]thiophenylidene]-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (15) was followed in order to oxidise it
and to obtain its sulfoximine. After few attempted oxidations, as well as preparations of other
analogues of the aforementioned sulfilimine, we have successfully prepared sulfoximine 4-methyl-N-
[1-oxo-1H-1λ6benzo[b]thiophen-1-ylidene]benzenesulfonamide by oxidation with H2O2-P2O5 reagent.
Sulfoximine 17 is in fact sulfoximine derivative of benzo[b]thiophene. The comparison between the IR
spectrum, 1H and 13C NMR spectra of sulfilimine 15 and sulfoximine 17 confirmed this is a new
compound with the proposed structure
Molecular basis of honey bee (Apis mellifera, L.) response to heavy metal stress
Istraživanja u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji su bila usmerena ka razumevanju molekularnih mehanizama koji se aktiviraju kod medonosne pčele (Apis mellifera, L.) kao odgovor na stres izazvan jonima teških metala, što zbog važnosti medonosne pčele kao oprašivača ima poseban značaj i očekuje se da će doprineti očuvanju ove vrste. Istraživanja su bila podeljena u tri faze. U prvoj fazi za analize su korišćene populacije pčela sa lokaliteta sa različitim antropološkim uticajem i izmerena je koncentracija metala u pčelama, pergi i medu, kao i relativna genska ekspresija i aktivnost antioksidativnih enzima. U drugoj fazi pčele su u kontrolisanim laboratorijskim uslovima bile izložene subletalnim dozama jona teških metala (bakra, kadmijuma i olova), nakon čega su izmereni parametri koji ukazuju na redoks status i nivo oksidativnog stresa. Rezultati prve dve faze su pokazali da se ekspresija gena i aktivnost antioksidativnih enzima (superoksid dismutaze, katalaze i glutation S-transferaze) razlikuje u zavisnosti od stepena urbanizacije i industrijalizacije, dok je izlaganje bakru i kadmijumu u kontrolisanim uslovima u trajanju od 48 h dovelo samo do promene u ekspresiji gena i u većini slučajeva ekspresija je bila dozno zavisna od koncentracije metala. Olovo je uzrokovalo promene u koncentraciji glutationa i sulfhidrilnih grupa proteina, što govori o tome da helacija olova može da bude prvi mehanizam odbrane od toksičnih efekata ovog metala. U trećoj fazi bioinformatičkom analizom je pronađen metalotionein medonosne pčele i ispitana je njegova funkcija u zaštiti od toksičnih efekata jona teških metala. Utvrđeno je da pčele poseduju jedan gen za metalotionein, koji kodira mali protein sa regionima bogatim cisteinom za koje mogu da se vežu joni metala. Indukcija genske ekspresije metalotioneina medonosne pčele nakon izlaganja metalima i povećana tolerancija bakterija koje ekspresuju rekombinantni metalotionein na metale je potvrdila da metalotionein medonosne pčele ima ulogu u homeostazi bioelemenata i detoksikaciji potencijalno toksičnih metala. Dobijeni rezultati predstavljaju osnovu za buduća istraživanja uticaja jona teških metala na medonosnu pčelu i predstavljaju važan korak u sveobuhvatnoj proceni uticaja stresogenih faktora iz životne sredine na pčele.Research in this doctoral thesis focuses on understanding the molecular mechanisms activated in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) as a response to stress caused by exposure to heavy metal ions. Because of the importance of honeybees as pollinators, this has special significance and is expected to contribute to the conservation of this species. Studies have been divided into three phases. In the first phase, bee populations from three localities under different anthropological influence were used and the concentrations of metals in the bees, honey and bee bread (perga), as well as relative gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes were measured. In the second phase, bees were exposed to sublethal doses of heavy metal ions (copper, cadmium and lead) under controlled laboratory conditions, after which parameters that indicate redox status and oxidative stress were determined. The results of the first two phases showed that gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase) varies depending on the degree of urbanization and industrialization, while exposure to copper and cadmium in controlled conditions for 48 h resulted only in a change in gene expression in the majority of cases, and the expression was dose-dependent on the concentration of the metal. Lead has caused changes in the concentration of glutathione and sulfhydryl groups of proteins, which indicates that chelation may be the first defense mechanism against the toxic effects of this metal. In the third stage, honeybee metallothionein was identified by bioinformatic analysis and its function in protection against the toxic effects of heavy metal ions was examined. It has been found that honeybees have one metallothionein gene, which encodes a small protein with cysteine-rich regions that may bind metal ions. The induction of metallothionein gene expression after exposure of honeybees to metals and increased tolerance of bacteria that express recombinant metallothionein confirmed that this protein plays a role in the homeostasis of bioelements and detoxification of potentially toxic metals. These results form the basis for future research on the impact of heavy metal pollution on the honey bee and represent an important step in the comprehensive assessment of the impact of stress factors from the environment on honey bees
Molecular basis of honey bee (Apis mellifera, L.) response to heavy metal stress
Istraživanja u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji su bila usmerena ka razumevanju molekularnih mehanizama koji se aktiviraju kod medonosne pčele (Apis mellifera, L.) kao odgovor na stres izazvan jonima teških metala, što zbog važnosti medonosne pčele kao oprašivača ima poseban značaj i očekuje se da će doprineti očuvanju ove vrste. Istraživanja su bila podeljena u tri faze. U prvoj fazi za analize su korišćene populacije pčela sa lokaliteta sa različitim antropološkim uticajem i izmerena je koncentracija metala u pčelama, pergi i medu, kao i relativna genska ekspresija i aktivnost antioksidativnih enzima. U drugoj fazi pčele su u kontrolisanim laboratorijskim uslovima bile izložene subletalnim dozama jona teških metala (bakra, kadmijuma i olova), nakon čega su izmereni parametri koji ukazuju na redoks status i nivo oksidativnog stresa. Rezultati prve dve faze su pokazali da se ekspresija gena i aktivnost antioksidativnih enzima (superoksid dismutaze, katalaze i glutation S-transferaze) razlikuje u zavisnosti od stepena urbanizacije i industrijalizacije, dok je izlaganje bakru i kadmijumu u kontrolisanim uslovima u trajanju od 48 h dovelo samo do promene u ekspresiji gena i u većini slučajeva ekspresija je bila dozno zavisna od koncentracije metala. Olovo je uzrokovalo promene u koncentraciji glutationa i sulfhidrilnih grupa proteina, što govori o tome da helacija olova može da bude prvi mehanizam odbrane od toksičnih efekata ovog metala. U trećoj fazi bioinformatičkom analizom je pronađen metalotionein medonosne pčele i ispitana je njegova funkcija u zaštiti od toksičnih efekata jona teških metala. Utvrđeno je da pčele poseduju jedan gen za metalotionein, koji kodira mali protein sa regionima bogatim cisteinom za koje mogu da se vežu joni metala. Indukcija genske ekspresije metalotioneina medonosne pčele nakon izlaganja metalima i povećana tolerancija bakterija koje ekspresuju rekombinantni metalotionein na metale je potvrdila da metalotionein medonosne pčele ima ulogu u homeostazi bioelemenata i detoksikaciji potencijalno toksičnih metala. Dobijeni rezultati predstavljaju osnovu za buduća istraživanja uticaja jona teških metala na medonosnu pčelu i predstavljaju važan korak u sveobuhvatnoj proceni uticaja stresogenih faktora iz životne sredine na pčele.Research in this doctoral thesis focuses on understanding the molecular mechanisms activated in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) as a response to stress caused by exposure to heavy metal ions. Because of the importance of honeybees as pollinators, this has special significance and is expected to contribute to the conservation of this species. Studies have been divided into three phases. In the first phase, bee populations from three localities under different anthropological influence were used and the concentrations of metals in the bees, honey and bee bread (perga), as well as relative gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes were measured. In the second phase, bees were exposed to sublethal doses of heavy metal ions (copper, cadmium and lead) under controlled laboratory conditions, after which parameters that indicate redox status and oxidative stress were determined. The results of the first two phases showed that gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase) varies depending on the degree of urbanization and industrialization, while exposure to copper and cadmium in controlled conditions for 48 h resulted only in a change in gene expression in the majority of cases, and the expression was dose-dependent on the concentration of the metal. Lead has caused changes in the concentration of glutathione and sulfhydryl groups of proteins, which indicates that chelation may be the first defense mechanism against the toxic effects of this metal. In the third stage, honeybee metallothionein was identified by bioinformatic analysis and its function in protection against the toxic effects of heavy metal ions was examined. It has been found that honeybees have one metallothionein gene, which encodes a small protein with cysteine-rich regions that may bind metal ions. The induction of metallothionein gene expression after exposure of honeybees to metals and increased tolerance of bacteria that express recombinant metallothionein confirmed that this protein plays a role in the homeostasis of bioelements and detoxification of potentially toxic metals. These results form the basis for future research on the impact of heavy metal pollution on the honey bee and represent an important step in the comprehensive assessment of the impact of stress factors from the environment on honey bees
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