Contributions of the immune system to the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury - evidence by intravital microscopy

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in immediate brain damage that is caused by the mechanical impact and is non-reversible. This initiates a cascade of delayed processes which cause additional-secondary-brain damage. Among these secondary mechanisms, the inflammatory response is believed to play an important role, mediating actions that can have both protective and detrimental effects on the progression of secondary brain damage. Histological data generated extensive information; however, this is only a snapshot of processes that are, in fact, very dynamic. In contrast, in vivo microscopy provides detailed insight into the temporal and spatial patterns of cellular dynamics. In this review, we aim to summarize data which was generated by in vivo microscopy, specifically investigating the immune response following brain trauma, and its potential effects on secondary brain damage

Spanien nach dem Ende des Zweiparteiensystems: Optionen der Regierungsbildung

Selten waren die politischen Verhältnisse in Spanien so unklar wie nach den Parlamentswahlen vom 20. Dezember 2015. Keine der vier wichtigsten Parteien erzielte eine Mehrheit im Kongress. Nach wochenlangen Sondierungen beauftragte der spanische König schließlich den Spitzenkandidaten der Sozialisten (PSOE), Pedro Sánchez, mit der Regierungsbildung. Der bisherige Regierungschef Mariano Rajoy von der konservativen Volkspartei (PP) hatte auf eine »Investidura« verzichtet. Denn obwohl die PP die meisten Stimmen gewonnen hatte, hätte sie auch zusammen mit der Zentrumspartei Ciudadanos keine Mehrheit im Kongress gehabt. Pedro Sánchez will drei Optionen ausloten: eine Linkskoalition, ein Links-Mitte-Bündnis oder eine Minderheitsregierung der PSOE. Sollten sich alle drei Optionen als aussichtslos erweisen, käme nach deutschem Vorbild eine große Koalition von Ciudadanos, PP und PSOE in Frage, wie sie Rajoy ursprünglich favorisiert hatte. Das politische Ringen um die Mehrheit geht weiter. Am Ende könnte es sogar zu Neuwahlen kommen. (Autorenreferat

Structural Chemistry of Halide Including Thallides A8Tl11X (A=K, Rb, Cs; X=Cl, Br)

A(8)Tl(11) (A = alkali metal) compounds have been known since the investigations of Corbett et al. in 1995 and are still a matter of current discussions as the compound includes one extra electron referred to the charge of the Tl-11(7-) cluster. Attempts to substitute this additional electron by incorporation of a halide atom succeeded in the preparation of single crystals for the lightest triel homologue of the group, Cs8Ga11Cl, and powder diffraction experiments for the heavier homologues also suggested the formation of analogous compounds. However, X-Ray single crystal studies on A(8)Tl(11)X to prove this substitution and to provide a deeper insight into the influence on the thallide substructure have not yet been performed, probably due to severe absorption combined with air and moisture sensitivity for this class of compounds. Here, we present single crystal X-Ray structure analyses of the new compounds Cs8Tl11Cl0.8, Cs8Tl11Br0.9, Cs5Rb3Tl11Cl0.5, Cs5.7K2.3Tl11Cl0.6 and K4Rb4Tl11Cl0.1. It is shown that a (partial) incorporation of halide can also be indirectly determined by examination of the Tl-Tl distances, thereby the newly introduced cdd/cd(av) ratio allows to evaluate the degree of distortion of Tl-11(7-) clusters

Temperature elevations can induce switches to homoclinic action potentials that alter neural encoding and synchronization

The article processing charge was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 491192747 and the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.Almost seventy years after the discovery of the mechanisms of action potential generation, some aspects of their computational consequences are still not fully understood. Based on mathematical modeling, we here explore a type of action potential dynamics – arising from a saddle-node homoclinic orbit bifurcation - that so far has received little attention. We show that this type of dynamics is to be expected by specific changes in common physiological parameters, like an elevation of temperature. Moreover, we demonstrate that it favours synchronization patterns in networks – a feature that becomes particularly prominent when system parameters change such that homoclinic spiking is induced. Supported by in-vitro hallmarks for homoclinic spikes in the rodent brain, we hypothesize that the prevalence of homoclinic spikes in the brain may be underestimated and provide a missing link between the impact of biophysical parameters on abrupt transitions between asynchronous and synchronous states of electrical activity in the brain.Peer Reviewe