THE CLASSIFICATION OF CYTOLOGIC FINDINGS OF CERVIX UTERI »ZAGREB 2002« The Modification of the »Zagreb 1990« and »NCI Bethesda System 2001« Classifications

»Zagreb 2002«, nova jedinstvena klasifikacija citoloških nalaza vrata maternice u Hrvatskoj, predstavlja modifikaciju klasifikacija »Zagreb 1990« i »NCI Bethesda system 2001«. Za ocjenu primjerenosti uzorka koriste se dvije skupine, »zadovoljava« i »ne zadovoljava«, s tim da ocjena ne zadovoljava uključuje i uzorke koji nisu analizirani kao i one koji su analizirani ali procjena abnormalnosti nije moguća, uz dodatna objašnjenja razloga. Prema općoj podjeli nalazi se klasificiraju kao »negativno na intraepitelnu ili invazivnu leziju« (uredan nalaz, promjene uz reaktivne i reparatorne¬ reakcije, nalaz koji ukazuje na određeni rizik) i »abnormalne stanice« (stanične promjene koje su morfološki u skladu s intraepitelnim ili invazivnim malignim lezijama). Opisna dijagnoza sadrži rubrike »mikroorganizmi«, »drugi ne-neoplastični nalazi« i »abnormalne stanice« (skvamozne, glandularne, neodređena značenja i druge maligne neoplazme). U skupinu »Drugi ne-neoplastični nalazi«, koji se mogu naći uz ili bez abnormalnih stanica, svrstane su reaktivne promjene na stanicama, reparatorni epitel, rezervne stanice, parakeratoza, diskeratoza, hiperkeratoza, nalaz cilindričnih stanica iza histerektomije, nalaz endometralnih stanica izvan ciklusa ili u postmenopauzi, te konstatacija da citohormonski status ne odgovara dobi i/ili anamnezi. Skvamozne lezije su podijeljene u tri skupine: »atipične skvamozne stanice« (ASC), »skvamozna intraepitelna lezija« (SIL) i »carcinoma planocellulare«. Novost je da unutar kategorije atipične skvamozne stanice (ASC) razlikujemo pod¬skupine: »neodređena značenja« (ASC-US), »ne može se isključiti HSIL« (ASC-H) i »ne može se isključiti invazija«. Za skupinu skvamozna intraepitelna lezija (SIL) u upotrebi su i dalje sva tri aktualna nazivlja, a jedina promjena se odnosi na dodatak »početna invazija se ne može isključiti«, koja se odnosi na inače karakteristične citološke slike karcinoma in situ s nekim promjenama na stanicama i podlozi, koje ukazuju na mogućnost rane invazije strome. Glandularne lezije su također podijeljene u tri skupine: »atipične glandularne stanice« (tri podskupine; vjerojatno reaktivne, vjerojatno intraepitlne i vjerojatno invazivne), »adenocarcinoma in situ« (AIS) i »adenocarcinoma«, uz naznaku¬ porijekla.¬ Skupina »abnormalne stanice neodređena značenja« i skupina »druge maligne neoplazme« se odnosi na abnormalnosti, gdje je/nije moguće postaviti diferencijalnu citološku dijagnozu.»Zagreb 2002«, a new unique classification of cytologic findings of the cervix uteri in Croatia presents the modification of the »Zagreb 1990« and »NCI Bethesda system 2001« classifications. There are two categories, that are »adequate« and »inadequate«, applied for the assessment of specimen adequacy. The category of inadequate also includes specimen that have not been analysed as well as the ones that have been analysed but the abnormality assessment cannot be given for whatever the reason is, accompanied by the additional explanation. According to the general division, the findings are classified as »negative for intraepithelial or invasive lesion« (no irregularities, changes with reactive and reparative reactions, results indicating certain risk) and »abnormal cells« (cellular changes which morphologically are in compliance with intraepithelial or invasive malignant lesions). Descriptive diagnosis contains the following sections: »micro-organisms«, »other non-neoplastic findings« and »abnormal cells« (squamous, glandular, non-defined and other malignant lesions). Reactive cellular changes, reparative epithelium, reserve cells, parakeratosis, dyskeratosis, hyperkeratosis, glandular cells status post hysterectomy, endometrial cells finding out of the cycle or during the postmenopause, as well as the definition that cytohormonal status is not adequate to the age and/or anamnesis all pertain to the category of »other non-neoplastic findings«, that can be found with or without abnormal cells. Squamous lesions are divided into the three groups: »atypical squamous cells« (ASC), »squamous intraepithelial lesion« (SIL) and »carcinoma planocellulare«. The news is there are the three subgroups, those are »non defined« (ASC-US), »HSIL cannot be excluded« (ASC-H) and »invasion cannot be excluded« within the category of »atypical squamous cells«. There are still three current names applied for the category of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL). The only change concerns the supplement »initial invasion cannot be excluded« which refers to typical cytologic pictures of carcinoma in situ with several changes on cells and the base that indicate the possibility of the early stroma invasion. Glandular lesions are also divided into the three groups: »atypical glandular cells« (three subgroups: »favor reactive, favor intraepithelial and favor invasive), »adenocarcinoma in situ« (AIS) and »adenocarcinoma«, accompanied by the suggestion of origin. The »abnormal non-defined cells« group and »other malignant neoplasms« group refer to abnormalities where it is not/is possible to set a differential cytologic diagnosis

Antimicrobial activity of selected essential oils against selected pathogenic bacteria: In vitro study

The worldwide problem of infectious diseases has appeared in recent years, and antimicrobial agents are crucial in reducing disease emergence. Nevertheless, the development and distribution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains in pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi and Citrobacter koseri, has become a major society health hazard. Essential oils could serve as a promising tool as a natural drug in fighting the problem with these bacteria. The current study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effectiveness of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus obliqua L’Hér.), and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill) essential oils. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils were screened against four pathogenic bacteria, E. coli, S. aureus, S. Tyhpi, and C. koseri, and two reference bacterial strains, while for the testing, the agar well diffusion method was used. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometric (GC–MSD) analyses were performed on essential oils. The obtained results showed that M. alternifolia essential oil is the richest in terpinen-4-ol, R. officinalis and E. oblique essential oils in 1,8-cineole, and L. angustifolia essential oil in α-terpinyl acetate. In addition, the main bioactive compounds present in the essential oil of tea tree are rich in α-pinene (18.38%), limonene (7.55%) and γ-terpinene (14.01%). The essential oil of rosemary is rich in α-pinene (8.38%) and limonene (11.86%); eucalyptus essential oil has significant concentrations of α-pinene (12.60%), p-cymene (3.24%), limonene (3.87%), and γ-terpinene (7.37%), while the essential oil of lavender is rich in linalool (10.71%), linalool acetate (9.60%), α-terpinyl acetate (10.93%), and carbitol (13.05%) bioactive compounds, respectively. The obtained results from the in vitro study revealed that most of the essential oils exhibited antimicrobial properties. Among the tested essential oils, tea tree was discovered to demonstrate the strongest antimicrobial activity. The recorded MIC of S. Typhi was 6.2 mg/mL, 3.4 mg/mL of C. koseri, 3.1 mg/mL of E. coli, and 2.7 mg/mL of E. coli ATCC 25922, compared to M. alternifolia. Similarly, only S. aureus ATCC 25923 showed antimicrobial activity towards R. officinalis (1.4 mg/mL), E. oblique (2.9 mg/mL), and L. angustifolia (2.1 mg/mL). Based on the obtained results, it is possible to conclude that tea tree essential oil might be used as an ecological antimicrobial in treating infectious diseases caused by the tested pathogens

Diagnostic Value of Cytology and Colposcopy for Squamous and Glandular Cervical Intraepithelial Lesions

The main objective of work was to determine a diagnostic value of cytology and colposcopy as a method of screening and differential diagnosis, as well as to determine the relative value of some colposcopic features of squamous and glandular cervical intraepithelial lesions. Cytological diagnosis and colposcopy findings is compared with histological ones for 187 patients with intraepithelial lesions (142 squamous and 45 glandular ones with or without squamous components) and determined the sensitivity and positive predictive value of cytology and colposcopy, including the types of colposcopic abnormalities associated with squamous/glandular intraepithelial lesions. The sensitivity of cytology as a screening method for SIL (squamous intraepithelial lesions) is 89% and for GIL (glandular intraepithelial lesions) 98%. Positive predictive value of differential cytology for SIL is 59% and for GIL 53%. Sensitivity of colposcopy for both lesions\u27 type is 87%. Acetowhite epithelium occurs far more often with SIL, whereas atypical vessels and unequal, dilated gland openings with GIL (p<0.05). Cytology and colposcopy as screening methods have a high sensitivity. Nevertheless, cytology is far more accurate in determining differential diagnosis of SIL than GIL and some colposcopy abnormalities suspicious of GIL should be further tested in praxis

Expression and immunolocalization of metallothioneins MT1, MT2 and MT3 in rat nephron

Rodent kidneys exhibit three isoforms of metallothioneins (MTs), MT1, MT2 and MT3, with poorly characterized localization along the nephron. Here we studied in adult male Wistar rats the renal expression of MTs mRNA by end-point RT-PCR and MT proteins by immunochemical methods The expression pattern of MT1 mRNA was cortex (CO)>outer stripe (OS)=inner stripe (IS)=inner medulla (IM), of MT2 mRNA was IM>CO>IS=OS, and of MT3 mRNA was IM>CO=OS=IM. MT1/2-antibody stained with heterogeneous intensity the cell cytoplasm and nuclei in proximal tubule (PT) and thin ascending limb, whereas MT3-antibody stained weakly the cell cytoplasm in various cortical tubules and strongly the nuclei in all nephron segments. However, the isolated nuclei exhibited an absence of MT1/2 and presence of MT3 protein. In MT1/2-positive PT cells, the intracellular staining appeared diffuse or bipolar, but the isolated brush-border, basolateral and endosomal membranes were devoid of MT1/2 proteins. In the lumen of some PT profiles, the heterogeneously sized MT1/2-rich vesicles were observed, with the limiting membrane positive for NHE3, but negative for V-ATPase, CAIV, and megalin, whereas their interior was positive for CAII and negative for cytoskeleton. They seem to be pinched off from the luminal membrane of MT1/2-rich cells, as also indicated by transmission electron microscopy. We conclude that in male rats, MTs are heterogeneously abundant in the cell cytoplasm and/or nuclei along the nephron. The MT1/2-rich vesicles in the tubule lumen may represent a source of urine MT and membranous material, whereas MT3 in nuclei may handle zink and locally-produced reactive oxygen species

Management of blood lipid profile and oxidative status in Holstein and Simmental dairy cows during lactation

Upravljanje i određivanje lipidnog profila krvi i oksidacijskog statusa vrlo je korisno sredstvo za dokazivanje utjecaja stranih kemijskih tvari na proizvodnju mliječnih krava. Istraživanje različitih biomarkera oksidativnog stresa povezanog s različitim problemima u proizvodnji mliječnih krava predstavlja vrlo važno pitanje. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti različite biološke markere krava holstein i simentalske pasmine, tijekom različitih faza laktacije. Ukupno 60 krava holstein i simentalske pasmine podijeljeno je u dva tretmana (HF i S) koji su dalje podijeljeni u tri skupine. Skupine svake pasmine krava bile su podijeljene u tri faze u ranoj laktaciji od 32-75 dana (HF1 i S1), maksimalna laktacija 80-165 dana (HF2 i S2) i niska laktacija od 175 dana nadalje (HF3 i S3). Tijekom pokusa utvrđena je ukupna proizvodnja mlijeka i postotak mliječne masti i proteina. Uzorci krvi su uzeti iz jugularne vene svake krave, dok serum je sakupljen bez antikoagulanta i pohranjen na -20 °C u malim alikvotima do daljnje analize. Serum je zatim analiziran na trigliceride, kolesterol, HDL, LDL, AST, ALT, GGT, ukupni antioksidacijski status (TAS), ukupni oksidacijski status (TOS), MDA, SOD, katalaze i paraoksonaze (PON1). Značajno (P<0,05) su se pokazale visoke vrijednosti kolesterola, TOS-a i SOD-a na vrhuncu laktacije kod svih krava. Postupno opadanje od rane laktacije do niske laktacije uočeno je u vrijednostima triglicerida, ALT, dok je MDA postupno rasla iz iste faze u svih krava, dok su LDL i katalaza pokazale nepravilan raspon varijacija u različitim fazama laktacije među svim skupinama. Holstein pasmina pokazala je značajno više vrijednosti ALT i PON1 (level of signifikance), dok su vrijednosti HDL, TAS i TOS bile niže u simentalskoj skupini. Pokazujući znakove oksidativnog stresa, zaključeno je da metabolički napori krava tijekom vrha laktacije utječu na istražene parametre. Poremećaj u unosu hrane i porast metaboličkih procesa podižu oksidativni stres kod krava, osobito tijekom vrha laktacije koji se može odrediti nadziranjem promjena u krvi. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je krave holštajn pasmine bila pod većim oksidativnim stresom u različitim fazama laktacije u odnosu na krave simentaske pasmine.Managing and determination of the blood lipid profile and oxidative status are useful tool to show the influence of foreign chemical substances on production of dairy cows. Investigation of various biomarkers of oxidative stress related to various problems in the production dairy cows presents a very important issue. The aim of this research was to investigate different biological markers in two different breeds of dairy cows – the Holstein Friesian and the Simmental, during different stages of lactation. The total of 60 Holstein Friesian and Simmental cows were divided into two treatments (HF and S) which was further divided into three groups each, respectively. Lactating groups of each cow breed was divided into three stages at early lactation of 32-75 days (HF1 and S1), peak lactation of 80-165 days (HF2 and S2) and low lactation of 175 days onward (HF3 and S3). During the research the total milk production and the percentage of milk fat and protein were determined. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein of each cow, the serum was harvested without anticoagulant and stored at -20 °C in small aliquots till further analysis. Serum was then analyzed for triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, AST, ALT, GGT, the total antioxidant status (TAS), the total oxidant status (TOS), MDA, SOD, catalase and paraoxonase (PON1). Significantly (P<0.05) higher values of cholesterol, TOS and SOD at peak lactation stage was observed in all cows. A gradual decline from early lactation to low lactation was observed in the values of triglycerides and ALT, while MDA gradually increased from the same stage in all cows. The values of LDL and catalase showed an irregular pattern of variations in various lactation stages among all groups. The Holstein Friesian breed showed significantly higher values of ALT and PON1, while values of HDL, TAS and TOS were the lowest in Simmental group (P<0.05). By measuring the signs of oxidative stress, it was concluded that metabolic efforts of cows during the peak of lactation affected the investigated parameters. Disturbance in feed intake and rise in metabolic processes lift up oxidative stress in cows, especially during the peak of lactation, which might be determined by monitoring blood alterations. Results of our study indicated that the Holstein Friesian breed was under higher oxidative stress during different lactation stages compared to Simmental dairy cows

Antimicrobial efficiency of medicinal plants and their influence on cheeses quality

Mlijeko i mliječni proizvodi najstarija su i najčešće konzumirana hrana širom svijeta. Ističu se kao izvor visokokvalitetnih proteina i najvažniji izvor bioaktivnih peptida. Mliječni proteini imaju visoku nutritivnu vrijednost i izvanredna ljekovita svojstva. Poznati su kao potencijalni sastojci funkcionalne hrane koja promiče zdravlje, a mliječna industrija već je komercijalizirala mnoge mliječne proteine i proizvode na bazi peptida koji se mogu konzumirati kao dio redovite dnevne prehrane. Osim toga, sir je vrlo osjetljiv na kontaminaciju patogenim i mikroorganizmima kvarenja, što rezultira smanjenjem njegovog roka trajanja i uzrokuje ozbiljne rizike za zdravlje potrošača. Danas se prehrambena industrija sve više specijalizira, a metode obrade se stalno razvijaju kako bi zadovoljile potrebe i zahtjeve potrošača. Potrošači zahtijevaju proizvode koji su sigurni i po mogućnosti bez sintetskih aditiva, što je dovelo do potrebe za traženjem prirodnih alternativa. Ljekovito bilje i njihovi ekstrakti zanimljiva su prirodna alternativa za očuvanje i poboljšanje kvalitete sira. Neke su tvari pokazale dobre učinke protiv većine uzročnika kontaminacije sira, kao što su Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus i Salmonella spp. Ipak, nije sasvim jasno utječe li dodavanje ljekovitog bilja na promjene karakteristika sira. Cilj ovog rada bio je prikazati učinak dodanog ljekovitog bilja, začina i eteričnih ulja na sireve u funkciji zaštite i kvarenja uzrokovanog patogenima i mikroorganizmima, kao i njihovog utjecaja na kvalitetu sira.Milk and dairy products are the oldest and most widely consumed nutritious foods worldwide. They are highlighted as a source of high-quality proteins and the most important sources of bioactive peptides. Milk proteins have high nutritive value and remarkable medicinal properties. They are known as potential health-promoting ingredients of functional foods, and the dairy industry has already commercialized many milk proteins and peptide-based products which can be consumed as part of a regular daily diet. Besides, cheese is highly susceptible to contamination by pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, which results in a decrease in its shelf life and cause serious risks to the consumers’ health. Nowadays, the food industry is continuously becoming more specialized towards meeting consumer needs and demands. Consumers demand safe products, which are also preferably free of synthetic additives. Therefrom to the need to search for natural additives has emerged. Botanicals and their extracts came to an interest as a natural alternative for cheese preservation and quality enhancer. Some substances have demonstrated good effects against most pathogens of cheese such as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. Nevertheless, it is not quite clear do the botanical addition affect cheese quality characteristics. This review aims to present the effect of added botanicals such as medicinal plants, herbs, spices and essential oils to cheeses in the function of protection against pathogens and spoilage microorganisms, as well as for their influence on the cheese quality

Analitičnost u definisanju strategijskh opcija na primeru razvoja multimodalnog transporta u Vojsci Srbije

<p class="04Sadzajsaetka">Brza i intenzivna dejstva, povećane potrebe za komuniciranjem i potencijalni zadaci mobilnijih i samostalnijih jedinica zahtevaju od vojnih organizacija da razvijaju i usavršavaju sistem logističke podrške, usmeravajući ga ka potrebama zajedničkih, multinacionalnih i integrisanih snaga. Zato Vojska Srbije mora projektovati svoju organizaciju i razviti sposobnosti da se, po potrebi, brzo prestrukturira. U skladu s tim mora prilagoditi i svoj strategijski razvoj, ne bi li postala deo multinacionalnog tima.</p> <p class="04Sadzajsaetka">Specifičnost delatnosti vojne organizacije implicira zahtev za analitičkim pristupom u procesima odlučivanja, kako na taktičkom i operativnom, tako i na strategijskom nivou. Strategijske odluke, po svojoj prirodi, zahtevaju veliku dozu intuitivnosti i iskustva donosilaca odluka. U radu je prikazana mogućnost analitičnog pristupa definisanju strategije, kombinovanjem menadžment metoda. Istovremeno, rad je pragmatično usmeren ka definisanju strategije razvoja multimodalnog transporta u Vojsci Srbije, kao jednom u nizu izazova pred kojim će se, u najskorijoj budućnosti, Vojska naći.</p

Effects of dietary garlic addition on productive performance and blood lipid profile of broiler chickens

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary garlic powder addition on productive performance and blood lipid status of broiler chicken. At the beginning of experiment, three treatments of 150 one day old broiler chickens of hybrid line Hubbard per treatment, on a total of 450 chickens were formed. Every treatment was divided in four groups which represents four replicates of the experiment. Control treatment (T1) was fed with mixtures without addition of garlic powder, while experimental treatments were fed with addition of 0.5% (T2) and 1.0 % (T3) of dietary garlic powder, respectively. Experiment lasted 42 days. After the completion of experimental period the highest achieved body weight of chicken was at treatment T2 (2371.1g) which was followed by treatment T3 (2336.1 g) with statistically significant differences (p0.05) differences. Addition of garlic powder led to a statistically significant (p<0.05) increase in values of EBI in compare to a control treatment T1. The highest mortality rate (5.1 %) and the lowest EBI (220.4 %) were recorded in control treatment. Addition of garlic powder in the amount of 1.0% (T3) significantly (p<0.05) decreased LDL concentrations in blood serum. The lowest concentration of total cholesterol was recorded at treatment T2 (p<0.05). The highest concentration of HDL (44.8 and 39.6 mg/dl) was recorded in treatments T3 and T2. It could be concluded that the addition of garlic has positive influence on chicken production and blood lipid status, but the further investigation of their mode of action is still necessary.

Comparison of meat quality of tench, Tinca tinca, reared in extensive and semi-intensive culture systems

The aim of the study was to examine the production parameters and chemical composition of fillets in tench, Tinca tinca L., farmed in one of two systems: an extensive system based on only natural food (NF) available in the fish ponds; and a semi-intensive system based on natural food plus the addition of formulated feeds supplemented with various oils: fish (FO), rapeseed (RO), soybean (SO), or linseed oil (LO). Proper pond preparation resulted in a favourable amount and structure of natural food in all ponds. The rearing system had a significant influence on the tench yield, muscle lipid contents and fatty acid composition, and the supplemented feed influenced the fatty acid composition. The percentages of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid and total highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) were higher in the fish oil and the natural food groups than in the others. The n-3/n-6 ratio in the five dietary treatments was notably variable, and in any case higher in fillets than in the diets. In conclusion, the present study suggests that RO, SO and LO represent effective lipid sources for tench fed formulated diets. On the other hand, tench that fed on naturally available pond foods had a high content of n-3 HUFA in their muscle lipids, but poor growth parameters and low yields

Occurrence and dietary exposure of organochlorine pesticides in common carp obtained from integrated production systems

The aim of this study was to determine the level of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in meat, liver and skin of common carp. Fish were collected in spring and in autumn from fishpond that receives purified water from slaughterhouse. OCPs, including alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, delta-HCH, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, endosulfan I, DDE, dieldrin, endrin, DDD, endosulfan II, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), endosulfan sulphate, methoxychlor, and endrin ketone, were determined by using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. OCPs were present at low concentrations and only aldrin was detected in all examined tissues. The estimated daily intake for OCPs via common carp from integrated system of production was at the lower level compared with the acceptable daily intake recommended by different organisations, showing no significant risk on consumers