NEOLITHIC FLAKED STONE ARTEFACTS FROM VELA CAVE NEAR VRANJA (ISTRIA)

U ovom radu predstavljamo rezultate analiza izrađevina od cijepanog kamena iz postmezolitičkih faza Vele peći u sjevernoj Istri. Izravno se nadovezujemo na naš rad objavljen u prošlom broju ovog časopisa u kojem smo podrobno opisali nalazište, obrazložili njegovo faziranje te objavili rezultate analiza lončarije. Napominjemo da fazu 3, koju u prethodnom radu nismo bili pripisali nekom određenom vremenskom razdoblju, nakon provedenih analiza litičkih artefakata pripisujemo kasnom neolitiku. Iz sigurnih postmezolitičkih konteksta Vele peći prikupili smo 144 izrađevine od cijepanog kamena, većinom iz neolitičkih faza 2 i 3. Dvadeset i osam litičkih artefakata (većinom, sitneža) iz konteksta srednje/kasnobrončanodobne faze 4 smatramo zaostalim neolitičkim nalazima. Za izradu litičkih artefakata koristile su se u Veloj Peći dvije glavne grupe sirovina. Prva se sastoji od tamnih rožnjaka slabije kvalitete i njihove toplinski izmijenjene crvenkaste inačice. Drugu sačinjavaju svijetli i smeđi rožnjaci čiji su nam izvori nepoznati, no vjerojatno nisu lokalnog porijekla. Te su se dvije grupe sirovina upotrebljavale na ponešto različite načine. Dvostruko češće koristile su se sirovine lokalnog porijekla, i to ponajprije za izradu jednostavnih alatki ad hoc tehnologijom malih odbojaka. Za razliku od toga, svijetli i smeđi rožnjaci stranog porijekla radije su se koristili za izradu sječiva. Najbolje zastupljena tehnološka kategorija su krhotine, među kojima prevladava sitnež, što znači da se u Veloj peći razmjerno često cijepao kamen. Pojavljuju se isključivo vrlo mali, većinom nepravilni ili posve bezoblični ostaci jezgara. O prisutnosti prizmatičnih jezgara za sječiva svjedoči tek jedan mali ulomak i jedno prebačeno sječivo. Preko dvije trećine debitaža otpada na odbojke, dok ostatak čine veća i manja sječiva. Alatke sudjeluju u cjelokupnom skupu nalaza s 13%. Gotovo trećina od njih su strugala, uvijek napravljena na odbojcima. Na sječivima su izrađivani geometrijski mikroliti, zarubljena sječiva, mikrodubila i retuširana sječiva. Na odbojcima su, osim strugala, izrađivani retuširani odbojci, iskrzani komadići i perforatori. Jedini proizvod bifacijalnog cijepanja su dva malena šiljka. Skupovi nalaza od cijepanog kamena iz Vele i Pupićine peći dijele mnoga zajednička obilježja. To ne iznenađuje, budući da se radi o dva međusobno vrlo bliza špiljska nalazišta na kojima se istovremeno boravilo. Pažljiva usporedba rezultata kvantitativnih analiza ipak ukazuje na postojanje niza razlika u zastupljenosti pojedinih grupa sirovina i tehnoloških kategorija izrađevina, kao i na različite dijakronijske trendove. Već je usporedba skupova nalaza lončarije iz Vele i Pupićine peći, objavljena u prethodnom broju ovog časopisa, ukazala na barem donekle različitu funkciju tih dvaju nalazišta. Vela peć, s očitim tragovima zatvaranja stoke i dosljedno nižom učestalošću kućanskog otpada, pokazala se još bliskijom modelu Grotte Bergerie (špilja u kojoj se sezonski drže stada, a vrlo rijetko i tek nakratko borave ljudi). No dok niža učestalost ulomaka lončarije upućuje na to da su se u Veloj peći rjeđe obavljale kućanske aktivnosti za koje se koristilo zemljano posuđe, viša učestalost litičkih artefakata svjedoči o češćem obavljanju drugih aktivnosti, vezanih uz proizvodnju i upotrebu alatki od cijepanog kamena. Mnogi pastirski poslovi iziskuju upotrebu alata oštrih rubova. Ukoliko se Vela peć pretežno koristila kao tor, ne začuđuje prisutnost velikog broja takvih alata, a ni njihova proizvodnja na licu mjesta. Većina takvih pastirskih alata ne mora biti naročito sofisticirana, čemu bi odgovarale značajke skupa nalaza od cijepanog kamena iz Vele peći. Nema izrazito egzotičnih sirovina poput opsidijana, kvalitetnije sirovine iz udaljenijih izvora rjeđe se koriste, a dvije trećine izrađevina napravljeno je od lokalnih rožnjaka. Tehnologija sječiva prisutna je u ograničenom opsegu i ne postaje sve dominantnijom tijekom neolitika. Naprotiv, čini se da tijekom čitavog tog razdoblja u Veloj peći prevladava jednostavna “ad hoc” tehnologija izrade malih odbojaka. Tijekom neolitika rožnjak se sve manje cijepa u Pupićinoj, a sve više u Veloj peći. Dok se u Pupićinu peć donosi sve više gotovih alatki napravljenih od kvalitetnijih, stranih sirovina, u Veloj peći sve se više koristi lokalni rožnjak koji se sve češće reducira na licu mjesta. Ovo seljenje litičkih proizvodnih aktivnosti iz Pupićine u Velu peć moglo bi upućivati na sve jasniju podjelu funkcija dviju susjednih špilja. Cijepanje kamena sve više se odvija tamo gdje su alatke češće potrebne, a ujedno se prostor koji se češće koristi za boravak ljudi manje zagađuje opasnim otpadom. Rezultati analiza izrađevina od cijepanog kamena iz Vele i Pupićine peći podupiru našu pretpostavku, iznesenu na temelju analiza lončarije, o istovremenom korištenju i funkcionalnoj povezanosti obiju špilja. Ti nam rezultati omogućuju da barem malo jasnije sagledamo neke od razlika u načinu korištenja spomenutih dvaju nalazišta.In this paper we present the results of the analysis of f laked stone artefacts found in post-Mesolithic levels of Vela Cave (Vela peć) in North Istria. We directly link to our paper published in the previous issue of this journal where we described the site in detail, explained its phasing and presented the results of the analyses of the pottery assemblages. We stress that Phase 3, which in the previous paper was not dated to any particular period, is now, after the analyses of lithic artefacts, dated to the Late Neolithic period. A total of 144 f laked stone artefacts were recovered from the secure post-Mesolithic contexts of Vela Cave, mostly from Neolithic Phases 2 and 3. Twenty-eight lithic artefacts (mostly chips) from the context of the Middle/Late Bronze Age Phase 4 are considered to be residual finds from the Neolithic levels. Two main classes of raw material were used in the production of lithic artefacts in Vela Cave. The first class is made up of dark cherts of lesser quality and their termically altered reddish version. The other class is made up of pale and brown cherts acquired from unknown (but probably non-local) sources. The two raw material classes were used for somewhat different purposes. The materials acquired locally were used twice more often, primarily for production of simple, f lake-based tools employing ad hoc technologies. In contrast to that, exotic pale and brown cherts were used primarily for production of blades. The most copious technological category is debris, most of which comes as chips, which suggests that f lake production was frequent in Vela Cave. These are exclusively small and mostly irregular or completely amorphous core fragments. Prismatic blade cores are represented by one small fragment and one overshot blade. Flakes constitute two thirds of all debitage, while the rest are blades and bladelets. Tools make up 13% of the total assemblage. Almost a third of them are scrapers, always made on f lakes. Geometric microliths, backed blades, microburins and retouched blades were all made on blades. Flake-based tools (aside from scrapers) include retouched f lakes, scaled pieces and perforators. Two small points represent the only products of bifacial f laking. The Vela Cave and Pupićina Cave f laked stone assemblages show many common characteristics. It is not surprising considering the facts that the two caves are situated close by and were inhabited simultaneously. However, a careful survey of quantitative analyses results shows that there are a number of differences in representation of raw material classes and technological categories of artefacts, as well as different diachronic trends. Already the comparison of Vela and Pupićina Cave pottery assemblages (published in the previous issue of this journal) indicated somewhat different functions of the sites. Considering that Vela Cave yielded small quantity of household waste and with clear evidence of penning, it is much closer to the Grotte Bergerie model i.e. specialized f lockparking site visited seasonally and rarely and shortly occupied by people. While lower frequency of pottery fragments suggests that household activities were carried out at the site (for which earthenware was used), high frequency of lithic artefacts indicates practising other activities related to manufacture and usage of f laked stone tools. Many shepherds’ activities suggest usage of sharp-edged tools. In case Vela Cave was mostly used as a pen, high amount of such tools and their on-site production are not surprising. The tools in question need not to be sophisticated, therefore, the characteristics of Vela Cave f laked stone assemblage correspond to this. Exotic raw material such as obsidian is absent; quality raw material from non-local sources is less in use, and two thirds of f laked stone artefacts are made of local cherts. Blade technology is partially present and does not become more common during the Neolithic. On the contrary, it seems that the simple ad hoc f laking technology was employed at Vela Cave during this whole period. During the Neolithic, chert f laking is less documented at Pupićina, and more in Vela Cave. While an impressive number of tools made of quality non-local raw materials, imported in their final form, are in use at Pupićina, tools made of local chert are in use at Vela Cave, and, moreover, chert is reduced at the site. The shift from Pupićina to Vela Cave in means of lithic manufacture can indicate clear distinction in functions of two neighbouring caves. Flintknapping is carried out at the site where tools are recurrently necessary, and, at the same time, the space occupied by people is less contaminated with dangerous waste. The results of Vela and Pupićina Cave lithics analysis confirm our hypothesis based on pottery analysis, on simultaneous occupation and functional correlation of both sites. The results are a useful contribution to the larger picture of differences in ways of usage of the two sites

Operation 3D Printers Renishaw AM400 for 3D Printing by Method SLM

BYRTUS, R. Obsluha 3D tiskárny Renishaw AM400 pro 3D tisk metodou SLM: Bakalářská práce. Ostrava: VŠB – Technická univerzita Ostrava, Fakulta strojní, Katedra obrábění, montáže a strojírenské metrologie, 2017 47s. Vedoucí práce: Ing. Marek Pagáč, Ph.D. Hlavní náplň bakalářské práce spočívala v provedení rešerše všech dostupných metod aditivní výroby a vytvoření uceleného postupu procesu stavby metodou SLM na zařízení Renishaw AM400 za použití korozivzdorného práškového kovu AISI 316L. Teoretická část se zabývala teorii 3D tisku, představením jednotlivých metod tisku a systémů. Dále byla představena samotná metoda selektivního laserového tavení kovů, specifikace práškových kovů a 3D tiskárna na kov. Praktická část je věnována obsluze stroje, jeho kalibrací a činnostem potřebným k zahájení a dokončení tisku.BYRTUS, R. Operation 3D Printers Renishaw AM400 for 3D Printing by Method SLM: Bachelor thesis, Ostrava: VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, 2017 47s. Thesis head: Ing. Marek Pagáč, Ph.D. The main aim of the bachelor thesis was to investigate all available methods of additional production and to create a complex process of the SLM method of the Renishaw AM400 using a stainless steel AISI 316L powder. The theoretical part deals with the theory of 3D printing, introducing the individual printing methods and systems. In addition, the method of selective laser metal melting, the specification of powder metals and the 3D metal printer were introduced. The practical part is devoted to machine operation, calibration and activities required to initiate and complete printing.346 - Katedra obrábění, montáže a strojírenské metrologievýborn

Transverse comparison of δ¹⁵N (‰ Air) values by juveniles age calculated from reconstructed maximum density estimators (MDEs) [19].

<p>Mean and SD range for adult females and all juveniles are indicated with open circles and crosses, respectively.</p

SIAR model percent mode estimates and accompanying high (HCI) and low (LCI) 95% credibility intervals (CI) for potential diet protein sources for the Canímar Abajo 0–1, 1–2 and 2–5 year old juveniles.

<p>SIAR model percent mode estimates and accompanying high (HCI) and low (LCI) 95% credibility intervals (CI) for potential diet protein sources for the Canímar Abajo 0–1, 1–2 and 2–5 year old juveniles.</p

Results of the Tukey Kramer multiple comparisons of isotope means among juvenile age groups and female individuals.

<p>Group 1 (0 to 0.5), Group 2 (0.5 to 1), Group 3 (1 to 2) and Group 4 (2 to 6). Diff.: difference. ANOVA: N: F = 2.45, df = 4; C: F = 14.5, df = 4; p≤0.05.</p

δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N isotopic offsets between maternal bone collagen and maternal milk; and maternal milk–infant bone collagen.

<p>δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N isotopic offsets between maternal bone collagen and maternal milk; and maternal milk–infant bone collagen.</p

δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C_col isotopic values among age ranges.

<p>Different letters show statistically significant differences. A: Adult, G 1: Group 1, G 2: Group 2, G 3: Group 3, G 4: Group 4.</p

δ¹³C_col (‰VPDB), δ¹⁵N, (‰ Air), %C, %N, C/N and %Col yield values for Canímar Abajo juveniles and adult females.

<p>δ¹³C_col (‰VPDB), δ¹⁵N, (‰ Air), %C, %N, C/N and %Col yield values for Canímar Abajo juveniles and adult females.</p

Location of Canímar Abajo, Cuba (23°2'16.29"N and 81°29'48.25"W).

<p>See image use policy in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0176065#pone.0176065.s002" target="_blank">S1 File</a>.</p