529 research outputs found
Methodological approaches to the diagnosis and forecast of the long-wave fluctuations in the economy
Β© 2016,Econjournals. All rights reserved.Evolutionary development of economic systems demonstrates the cyclical nature in time. In such a case these cyclical fluctuations comprise all facets of economic relations,starting from the production sector and ending the sphere of services,focused on ensuring the interaction effectiveness of economic relations. As the modern world experience shows the cyclical dynamics has a number of its individual features depending on a wide range of factors,such as the type of economic system (planned or market),market type,forms and methods of state or other effects on the regulation of cycles within smoothing process,etc. The knowledge of these factors,the nature of their origin and the impact on the long-term cyclical fluctuations is not a trivial matter and requires a comprehensive system analysis,based on a synthesis and a dialectic of the established approaches
FormaciΓ³n de la interacciΓ³n social competencia de futuros especialistas del Γ‘mbito gerencial
Trends in the economic situation development in the Russian Federation determine the basic requirements for graduates of Russian universities in the direction of βmanagementβ training, whose professional competence depends directly on the level of mastering communication skills and social interaction skills. The social interaction competence for managers is the key one in the formation of professional competencies and affects the decision-making of many professional tasks. The social interaction competence plays an important role in the management personnel training because they have a need for constant interaction with people, staff and clients. Lack of social interaction competence can lead to failures in professional activities. Thus, the bachelor of management should have not only knowledge in the professional sphere, but also be able to interact with various specialists, clients, and partners, carrying out high-level social communication that can affect effectively the result of professional activity.Las tendencias en el desarrollo de la situaciΓ³n econΓ³mica en la FederaciΓ³n de Rusia determinan los requisitos bΓ‘sicos para los graduados de las universidades rusas en la direcciΓ³n de la formaciΓ³n de βgestiΓ³nβ, cuya competencia profesional depende directamente del nivel de dominio de las habilidades de comunicaciΓ³n y de interacciΓ³n social. La competencia de interacciΓ³n social para los gerentes es la clave en la formaciΓ³n de competencias profesionales y afecta la toma de decisiones de muchas tareas profesionales. La competencia de interacciΓ³n social juega un papel importante en la capacitaciΓ³n del personal de gestiΓ³n, ya que tienen una necesidad de interacciΓ³n constante con las personas, el personal y los clientes. La falta de competencia de interacciΓ³n social puede conducir a fallas en las actividades profesionales. Por lo tanto, el licenciado en administraciΓ³n debe tener no solo conocimiento en el Γ‘mbito profesional, sino tambiΓ©n poder interactuar con varios especialistas, clientes y socios, llevando a cabo una comunicaciΓ³n social de alto nivel que pueda afectar de manera efectiva el resultado de la actividad profesional
Management of environmental load factors on the territory of the socio-economic well-Being of the population
The article provides insights into the methodological approaches to the complex evaluation of the people quality of life associated with the analysis of the interaction between social and economic well-being and environmental quality. The study offers the results of the mathematical calculations which demonstrate the relation between the level of well-being of the population and the level of the ecological environment's development based on the cases of the municipal areas of the Republic Tatarstan, Russia. The key policy recommendations aiming at the improvement of the people quality of life vis-Γ -vis the features of the municipal development are postulated
The experimental cascade curves of EAS at E sub 0 10(17) eV obtained by the method of detection of Cherenkov pulse shape
The individual cascade curves of EAS with E sub 0 10 to the 17th power eV/I to 3/ were studied by detection of EAS Cherenkov light pulses. The scintillators located at the center of the Yakutsk EAS array within a 500-m radius circle were used to select the showers and to determine the main EAS parameters. The individual cascade curves N(t) were obtained using the EAS Cherenkov light pulses satisfying the following requirements: (1) the signal-to-noise ratio fm/delta sub n 15, (2) the EAS axis-detector distance tau sub 350 m, (3) the zenith angle theta 30 deg, (4) the probability for EAS to be detected by scintillators W 0.8. Condition (1) arises from the desire to reduce the amplitude distortion of Cherenkov pulses due to noise and determines the range of EAS sizes, N(t). The resolution times of the Cherenkov pulse shape detectors are tau sub 0 approx. 23 ns which results in distortion of a pulse during the process of the detection. The distortion of pulses due to the finiteness of tau sub 0 value was estimated. It is shown that the rise time of pulse becomes greater as tau sub 0.5/tau sub 0 ratio decreases
STUDY OF ADHESION ACTIVITY GEL COMPOSITIONS TRIMECAINE
Local anesthesia is an integral component of medical procedures in today's children's dental practice. Enumeration of intraoral drugs containing anesthetics, for pediatric dentistry is extremely insufficient. Urgent is the development of children and of the dental gel containing trimekain, for application anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to study the adhesive properties of comparative gel compositions containing various combinations and trimekain potential of shaping. The studies revealed gel compositions with excellent adhesion characteristics, which can be recommended for further screening on the creation of children's dental gel trimecaine
Regulation of p27Kip1 Protein Levels Contributes to Mitogenic Effects of the RET/PTC Kinase in Thyroid Carcinoma Cells
Abstract
We show that treatment of a panel of thyroid carcinoma cell lines naturally harboring the RET/PTC1 oncogene, with the RET kinase inhibitors PP1 and ZD6474, results in reversible G1 arrest. This is accompanied by interruption of Shc and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, reduced levels of G1 cyclins, and increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 because of a reduced protein turnover. MAP/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 inhibition by U0126 caused G1 cyclins down-regulation and p27Kip1 up-regulation as well. Forced expression of RET/PTC in normal thyroid follicular cells caused a MAPK- and proteasome-dependent down-regulation of p27Kip1. Reduction of p27Kip1 protein levels by antisense oligonucleotides abrogated the G1 arrest induced by RET/PTC blockade. Therefore, in thyroid cancer, RET/PTC-mediated MAPK activation contributes to p27Kip1 deregulation. This pathway is implicated in cell cycle progression and in response to small molecule kinase inhibitors
ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ: ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ
Relevance. Catch-up countries are at a disadvantage in the world economy and are forced to fight for world market share. For this purpose, they form political and economic alliances and associations designed to counter the aggressive policies of the developed countries. All this applies fully to countries that are members of the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA). In our opinion, the assessment of the position of the participating countries on the geopolitical map of the world deserves special attention.Purpose of the study consists in the formation of an authorβs methodology for studying the economic development of countries that are members of the Latin American Integration Association and building a forecast in the medium term on the basis of statistical tools. Materials and methods. The study used general research methods, such as analysis, comparisons, historical, as well as mathematical and statistical, in particular tabular and graphical, descriptive statistics and elements of correlation-regression analysis. A set of these methods and algorithms made it possible to identify the patterns that have developed at the moment in the economies of the Latin American Integration Association countries, assess their positions regarding world leaders, and also build short-term development forecasts.Results. With considerable resources, the countries of the Latin American Integration Association have not been able to significantly increase the share of world GDP during the existence of the association, which throughout the period does not exceed 5%. Within the association, there is a considerable differentiation. So the dominant positions are occupied by Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, while the positions of outsiders, by a significant margin, are occupied by Uruguay, Ecuador and Cuba. The structure of the economies of the association countries is largely different from the developed countries: the former are dominated by manufacturing, while the latter are dominated by services. A causal analysis of the impact of industries on GDP per capita, conducted in two time slices in 1990 and 2019, showed that during this time the countries that are members of the association have not been able to reformat the structure of their economies, which does not allow successful competition with developed countries. An element of the scientific novelty of the study is the formation of a theoretical and methodological approach to the study of the economic development of the geopolitical structure, which is the Latin American Integration Association, as well as the testing of this approach based on the actual data of international organizations.Conclusion. The testing of the authorβs methodology aimed at studying the economic development of LAIA member countries allows us to argue about the operability of the algorithm, which made it possible to establish the low efficiency of the integration policy of Latin American countries, which, despite the significant level of national wealth, does not allow us to form a trend towards economic growth, a decrease in dependence on the export of natural capital, and an increase in the standard of living of the population. Some research findings from the study can be used in training activities for the disciplines of βMacroeconomicsβ, βInternational Statisticsβ, βGeoeconomicsβ, βEconometricsβ, as well as in the analysis of the joint dynamics of political and economic communities, associations and groups. In subsequent publications, an in-depth analysis of the causes of the economic decline in each member country of the association will be carried out, dominant factors affecting growth and GDP decline will be identified.ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ·Ρ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌ, Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π² ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½-ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½, Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·, ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΠ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 5%. ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ, ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π£ΡΡΠ³Π²Π°ΠΉ, ΠΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΡΠ±Π°. Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½:Β Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ
, Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΠΠ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² Π΄Π²ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π°Ρ
1990 Π³. ΠΈ 2019 Π³., ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ, Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ Β«ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Β»,Β Β«ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Β», Β«Π³Π΅ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Β», Β«ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Β», Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ², Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅-ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΡ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΠ
The Cancer Genomics Resource List 2014
Context.β Genomic sequencing for cancer is offered by commercial for-profit laboratories, independent laboratory networks, and laboratories in academic medical centers and integrated health networks. The variability among the tests has created a complex, confusing environment.
Objective.β To address the complexity, the Personalized Health Care (PHC) Committee of the College of American Pathologists proposed the development of a cancer genomics resource list (CGRL). The goal of this resource was to assist the laboratory pathology and clinical oncology communities.
Design.β The PHC Committee established a working group in 2012 to address this goal. The group consisted of site-specific experts in cancer genetic sequencing. The group identified current next-generation sequencing (NGS)βbased cancer tests and compiled them into a usable resource. The genes were annotated by the working group. The annotation process drew on published knowledge, including public databases and the medical literature.
Results.β The compiled list includes NGS panels offered by 19 laboratories or vendors, accompanied by annotations. The list has 611 different genes for which NGS-based mutation testing is offered. Surprisingly, of these 611 genes, 0 genes were listed in every panel, 43 genes were listed in 4 panels, and 54 genes were listed in 3 panels. In addition, tests for 393 genes were offered by only 1 or 2 institutions. Table 1 provides an example of gene mutations offered for breast cancer genomic testing with the annotation as it appears in the CGRL 2014.
Conclusions.β The final product, referred to as the Cancer Genomics Resource List 2014, is available as supplemental digital content
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