On the power quantum computation over real Hilbert spaces

We consider the power of various quantum complexity classes with the restriction that states and operators are defined over a real, rather than complex, Hilbert space. It is well know that a quantum circuit over the complex numbers can be transformed into a quantum circuit over the real numbers with the addition of a single qubit. This implies that BQP retains its power when restricted to using states and operations over the reals. We show that the same is true for QMA(k), QIP(k), QMIP, and QSZK.Comment: Significant improvements from previous version, in particular showing both containments (eg. QMA_R is in QMA and vice versa

A holographic proof of the strong subadditivity of entanglement entropy

When a quantum system is divided into subsystems, their entanglement entropies are subject to an inequality known as "strong subadditivity". For a field theory this inequality can be stated as follows: given any two regions of space $A$ and $B$, $S(A) + S(B) \ge S(A \cup B) + S(A \cap B)$. Recently, a method has been found for computing entanglement entropies in any field theory for which there is a holographically dual gravity theory. In this note we give a simple geometrical proof of strong subadditivity employing this holographic prescription.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

Online open neuroimaging mass meta-analysis

We describe a system for meta-analysis where a wiki stores numerical data in a simple format and a web service performs the numerical computation. We initially apply the system on multiple meta-analyses of structural neuroimaging data results. The described system allows for mass meta-analysis, e.g., meta-analysis across multiple brain regions and multiple mental disorders.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures SePublica 2012, ESWC 2012 Workshop, 28 May 2012, Heraklion, Greec

Quantum lost property: a possible operational meaning for the Hilbert-Schmidt product

Minimum error state discrimination between two mixed states \rho and \sigma can be aided by the receipt of "classical side information" specifying which states from some convex decompositions of \rho and \sigma apply in each run. We quantify this phenomena by the average trace distance, and give lower and upper bounds on this quantity as functions of \rho and \sigma. The lower bound is simply the trace distance between \rho and \sigma, trivially seen to be tight. The upper bound is \sqrt{1 - tr(\rho\sigma)}, and we conjecture that this is also tight. We reformulate this conjecture in terms of the existence of a pair of "unbiased decompositions", which may be of independent interest, and prove it for a few special cases. Finally, we point towards a link with a notion of non-classicality known as preparation contextuality.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure. v2: Less typos in text and less punctuation in titl

Grain sorghum response to cover crops under a no-till system

Master of ScienceDepartment of AgronomyKraig L. RoozeboomPeter J. TomlinsonCover crops (CCs) are included in rotations between cash crops for many reasons, including reducing erosion, compaction, and sequestering nutrients for optimal crop performance. The objectives of this study were to i) determine the effects of increasing cropping system intensity on CC biomass accumulation, C:N ratio, and residual inorganic profile nitrogen and ii) determine how intensity effects sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) growth, development, and yield in a no-till wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sorghum, soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four treatments: chemical fallow (CF), double-crop soybeans (DSB), double-crop soybeans plus a spring cover crop before sorghum (DSBCC), and a summer cover crop mixture after wheat (CCMIX). Nitrogen (N) rates consisting of 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 pounds acre⁻¹ were subsurface banded after sorghum planting. Sorghum growth and development were characterized by Canopeo (percent canopy cover) and GreenSeeker (NDVI), from seedling through boot stages, by recording days from planting to half bloom, and by chlorphyll readings (SPAD) at half bloom or early grain fill. Sorghum biomass was sampled after physiological maturity to determine N uptake and yield components. Averaged over three years, summer and fall growth of CCMIX produced the greatest biomass at more than 2,000 pounds acre⁻¹ and had the greatest C:N ratio compared to DSBCC and CCMIX sampled in the spring. Residual inorganic profile N at sorghum planting, when averaged over years, was roughly 26 pounds acre⁻¹ and 13 pounds acre⁻¹ less after DSBCC and CCMIX, respectively compared to after CF and DSB. Including a spring cover crop before sorghum (DSBCC) consistently reduced vegetative growth and development of sorghum.Sorghum growth response to CCMIX was inconsistent depending on year. In 2018, when there was no winter survival of the cover crop, sorghum growth after CCMIX was not different from CF. The CCMIX treatment reduced sorghum SPAD values by 6% and 7% in 2017 and 2019, respectively, and N uptake by 41 and 27 pounds acre⁻¹ in 2017 and 2019, respectively. The spring cover crop immediately before sorghum planting (DSBCC) reduced sorghum biomass by 9% (2017) and 27% (2018) compared to CF, though CF was not different from DSB and CCMIX. In 2019, DSBCC was not different from CF, and sorghum after DSB had 10% greater biomass yield than sorghum after DSBCC. Sorghum grain yield was reduced by more than 50% after DSBCC in 2018 compared to CF, though CF, DSB, and CCMIX were not different. In 2019, sorghum grain yields after CF, DSBCC, and CCMIX were not different, and sorghum after DSB had the greatest yields, 7% more than DSBCC. Including double crop or cover crop in a no-till cropping system slowed early-seasoon growth and development and reduced N uptake of the subsequent sorghum crop but had minimal impact on grain yield with adequate weather conditions. However, a spring-planted CC with substantial biomass accumulation immediately before sorghum planting substantially reduced sorghum yield when spring rainfall was below normal

The trumping relation and the structure of the bipartite entangled states

The majorization relation has been shown to be useful in classifying which transformations of jointly held quantum states are possible using local operations and classical communication. In some cases, a direct transformation between two states is not possible, but it becomes possible in the presence of another state (known as a catalyst); this situation is described mathematically by the trumping relation, an extension of majorization. The structure of the trumping relation is not nearly as well understood as that of majorization. We give an introduction to this subject and derive some new results. Most notably, we show that the dimension of the required catalyst is in general unbounded; there is no integer $k$ such that it suffices to consider catalysts of dimension $k$ or less in determining which states can be catalyzed into a given state. We also show that almost all bipartite entangled states are potentially useful as catalysts.Comment: 7 pages, RevTe

Hematuria as a Marker of Occult Urinary Tract Cancer: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians

BACKGROUND: The presence of blood in the urine, or hematuria, is a common finding in clinical practice and can sometimes be a sign of occult cancer. This article describes the clinical epidemiology of hematuria and the current state of practice and science in this context and provides suggestions for clinicians evaluating patients with hematuria. METHODS: A narrative review of available clinical guidelines and other relevant studies on the evaluation of hematuria was conducted, with particular emphasis on considerations for urologic referral. HIGH-VALUE CARE ADVICE 1: Clinicians should include gross hematuria in their routine review of systems and specifically ask all patients with microscopic hematuria about any history of gross hematuria. HIGH-VALUE CARE ADVICE 2: Clinicians should not use screening urinalysis for cancer detection in asymptomatic adults. HIGH-VALUE CARE ADVICE 3: Clinicians should confirm heme-positive results of dipstick testing with microscopic urinalysis that demonstrates 3 or more erythrocytes per high-powered field before initiating further evaluation in all asymptomatic adults. HIGH-VALUE CARE ADVICE 4: Clinicians should refer for further urologic evaluation in all adults with gross hematuria, even if self-limited. HIGH-VALUE CARE ADVICE 5: Clinicians should consider urology referral for cystoscopy and imaging in adults with microscopically confirmed hematuria in the absence of some demonstrable benign cause. HIGH-VALUE CARE ADVICE 6: Clinicians should pursue evaluation of hematuria even if the patient is receiving antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. HIGH-VALUE CARE ADVICE 7: Clinicians should not obtain urinary cytology or other urine-based molecular markers for bladder cancer detection in the initial evaluation of hematuria

Selective review and commentary on emerging pharmacotherapies for opioid addiction.

Pharmacotherapies for opioid addiction under active development in the US include lofexidine (primarily for managing withdrawal symptoms) and Probuphine®, a distinctive mode of delivering buprenorphine for six months, thus relieving patients, clinicians, and regulatory personnel from most concerns about diversion, misuse, and unintended exposure in children. In addition, two recently approved formulations of previously proven medications are in early phases of implementation. The sublingual film form of buprenorphine + naloxone (Suboxone®) provides a less divertible, more quickly administered, more child-proof version than the buprenorphine + naloxone sublingual tablet. The injectable depot form of naltrexone (Vivitrol®) ensures consistent opioid receptor blockade for one month between administrations, removing concerns about medication compliance. The clinical implications of these developments have attracted increasing attention from clinicians and policymakers in the US and around the world, especially given that human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other infectious diseases are recognized as companions to opioid addiction, commanding more efforts to reduce opioid addiction. While research and practice improvement efforts continue, reluctance to adopt new medications and procedures can be expected, especially considerations in the regulatory process and in the course of implementation. Best practices and improved outcomes will ultimately emerge from continued development efforts that reflect input from many quarters