2,947 research outputs found
An algebraic formulation of causality for noncommutative geometry
We propose an algebraic formulation of the notion of causality for spectral
triples corresponding to globally hyperbolic manifolds with a well defined
noncommutative generalization. The causality is given by a specific cone of
Hermitian elements respecting an algebraic condition based on the Dirac
operator and a fundamental symmetry. We prove that in the commutative case the
usual notion of causality is recovered. We show that, when the dimension of the
manifold is even, the result can be extended in order to have an algebraic
constraint suitable for a Lorentzian distance formula.Comment: 24 pages, minor changes from v2, to appear in Classical and Quantum
Gravit
Causality in noncommutative two-sheeted space-times
We investigate the causal structure of two-sheeted space-times using the
tools of Lorentzian spectral triples. We show that the noncommutative geometry
of these spaces allows for causal relations between the two sheets. The
computation is given in details when the sheet is a 2- or 4-dimensional
globally hyperbolic spin manifold. The conclusions are then generalised to a
point-dependent distance between the two sheets resulting from the fluctuations
of the Dirac operator.Comment: 26 pages, 2 figure
Noncommutative geometry, Lorentzian structures and causality
The theory of noncommutative geometry provides an interesting mathematical
background for developing new physical models. In particular, it allows one to
describe the classical Standard Model coupled to Euclidean gravity. However,
noncommutative geometry has mainly been developed using the Euclidean
signature, and the typical Lorentzian aspects of space-time, the causal
structure in particular, are not taken into account. We present an extension of
noncommutative geometry \`a la Connes suitable the for accommodation of
Lorentzian structures. In this context, we show that it is possible to recover
the notion of causality from purely algebraic data. We explore the causal
structure of a simple toy model based on an almost commutative geometry and we
show that the coupling between the space-time and an internal noncommutative
space establishes a new `speed of light constraint'.Comment: 24 pages, review article. in `Mathematical Structures of the
Universe', eds. M. Eckstein, M. Heller, S.J. Szybka, CCPress 201
Acquire Driving Scenarios Efficiently: A Framework for Prospective Assessment of Cost-Optimal Scenario Acquisition
Scenario-based testing is becoming increasingly important in safety assurance
for automated driving. However, comprehensive and sufficiently complete
coverage of the scenario space requires significant effort and resources if
using only real-world data. To address this issue, driving scenario generation
methods are developed and used more frequently, but the benefit of substituting
generated data for real-world data has not yet been quantified. Additionally,
the coverage of a set of concrete scenarios within a given logical scenario
space has not been predicted yet. This paper proposes a methodology to quantify
the cost-optimal usage of scenario generation approaches to reach a certainly
complete scenario space coverage under given quality constraints and
parametrization. Therefore, individual process steps for scenario generation
and usage are investigated and evaluated using a meta model for the abstraction
of knowledge-based and data-driven methods. Furthermore, a methodology is
proposed to fit the meta model including the prediction of reachable complete
coverage, quality criteria, and costs. Finally, the paper exemplary examines
the suitability of a hybrid generation model under technical, economical, and
quality constraints in comparison to different real-world scenario mining
methods.Comment: Accepted to be published as part of the 26th IEEE International
Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 2023, Bilbao, Spain,
September 24-28, 202
Direct generation of a multi-transverse mode non-classical state of light
Quantum computation and communication protocols require quantum resources
which are in the continuous variable regime squeezed and/or quadrature
entangled optical modes. To perform more and more complex and robust protocols,
one needs sources that can produce in a controlled way highly multimode quantum
states of light. One possibility is to mix different single mode quantum
resources. Another is to directly use a multimode device, either in the spatial
or in the frequency domain. We present here the first experimental
demonstration of a device capable of producing simultanuously several squeezed
transverse modes of the same frequency and which is potentially scalable. We
show that this device, which is an Optical Parametric Oscillator using a
self-imaging cavity, produces a multimode quantum resource made of three
squeezed transverse modes
Noncommutative geometry of Zitterbewegung
Based on the mathematics of noncommutative geometry, we model a 'classical'
Dirac fermion propagating in a curved spacetime. We demonstrate that the
inherent causal structure of the model encodes the possibility of
Zitterbewegung - the 'trembling motion' of the fermion. We recover the
well-known frequency of Zitterbewegung as the highest possible speed of change
in the fermion's 'internal space'. Furthermore, we show that the latter does
not change in the presence of an external electromagnetic field and derive its
explicit analogue when the mass parameter is promoted to a Higgs-like field. We
discuss a table-top experiment in the domain of quantum simulation to test the
predictions of the model and outline the consequences of our model for quantum
gauge theories.Comment: 15 page
The Lorentzian distance formula in noncommutative geometry
For almost twenty years, a search for a Lorentzian version of the well-known
Connes' distance formula has been undertaken. Several authors have contributed
to this search, providing important milestones, and the time has now come to
put those elements together in order to get a valid and functional formula.
This paper presents a historical review of the construction and the proof of a
Lorentzian distance formula suitable for noncommutative geometry.Comment: 16 pages, final form, few references adde
Inequality of opportunity in the land of opportunities : 1968-2001
We measure inequality of opportunity for earnings acquisition in the U.S. between 1968 and 2001. Following recent theories of social justice, earnings determinants are divided into two parts: Circumstances, which are characteristics outside individual control and effort representing factors impacting earnings but under individuals’ responsibility. Equality of opportunity requires that inequality of circumstances must be corrected while differences of effort must remain unaltered. Circumstances are represented by parental education and occupation, ethnic origin, place of birth and age. Effort is modeled with schooling choices and labour supply decisions. Using the PSID from 1968 to 2001, we provide two alternative assessments of inequality of opportunity using counterfactual distributions. The statistical framework is semi-parametric and builds on duration models. Finally, we conclude that inequality of opportunity represents between 20 and 43% of earnings inequality, but decreases all over the period reaching around 18% in 2001
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