Concussion in Para Sport

It is probably safe to say that there has been no sport medicine topic more newsworthy than concussion over the past decade. In addition to intense interest from athletes, parents, the media, and others, concussion has been a popular subject of research, which has grown exponentially over the years. For the Para athlete (the International Paralympic Committee [IPC] term for a sportsperson with a disability), however, concussion struggles to attract interest and attention.1,2 For example, a search strategy developed to find articles regarding athletes and concussion retrieved more than 6000 results, whereas one developed for athletes with disabilities and concussion only returned 60 articles. Furthermore, the recent Fifth International Consensus Conference on Concussion in Sport featured 202 oral and written abstracts, but only 2 were specific to athletes with a disability. Despite this, participation in sport by Para athletes continues to grow, and these athletes are exposed to the risk of concussion in sports that involve speed, collision, and contact. This review examines what is currently known about concussion in Para sport and how assessment, management, and risk reduction in this group of athletes might differ from the general athletic population. Current and future challenges are discussed, but, more importantly, opportunities for further study are identified

Acute tear of the fascia cruris at the attachment to the Achilles tendon: a new diagnosis

BACKGROUND: The fascia cruris encloses the posterior structures of the calf and connects to the paratenon and the Achilles tendon. We describe the clinical presentation, ultrasound imaging characteristics and the time to the recovery of tears of the fascia cruris at the attachment to the Achilles tendon. METHODS: Retrospective review of 11 tears of the fascia cruris in the different legs as separate events in 9 patients (6 male and 3 female, mean age 35.52 years, range 11–48) identified using diagnostic ultrasound, after presenting with Achillodynia. RESULTS: 11 participants presented at a mean of 4.5 weeks (range 0.5–12) after onset of symptoms. The left Achilles was more commonly injured than the right (7 : 4) and the lateral side more than the medial (6 : 4) with one case with medial and lateral presentation. Clinically, there was swelling and tenderness over the medial or lateral border in the mid to upper portion of the Achilles. 7 of the 11 (63.6%) had functional overpronation. Ultrasound appearances of a tear were identified as hypoechoic area extending from the medial or lateral border of the Achilles extending along the anatomical plane of the fascia cruris. Average return to activity was 5.2 weeks (range 1–22). Participants presenting later had longer recovery but all participants returned to full activity (r=0.4). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first description of the clinical details and sonographic findings of a tear to the fascia cruris at its attachment to the Achilles tendon. This needs to be considered as a cause of Achillodynia in athletes as recognition will affect the management

Tears of the fascia cruris demonstrate characteristic sonographic features: a case series analysis

BACKGROUND: fascia cruris (FC) tears have recently been recognised in the literature, although little is known about their characteristic ultrasound findings. The aim was to describe the echo-graphic features of FC tears in order to improve recognition and diagnosis. METHODS: the ultrasound reports and images of >600 patients attending a specialist musculoskeletal clinic for Achilles tendon ultrasound scans between October 2010–May 2014 were reviewed. Any patient diagnosed with a FC tear had a structured data set extracted. All ultrasound images were performed by one consultant radiologist. Bilateral Achilles images were available for analysis. RESULTS: sixteen patients from >600 subjects were diagnosed with a FC tear. Fourteen subjects were male and two female (mean age 37.8; range 23–61), with seven elite level sports men. Nine tears were right sided and seven left, with eight situated laterally and seven medially. Seven of the tears were situated in the musculotendinous junction. Symptomatic Achilles tendinopathy co-existed in ten of sixteen subjects (average transverse diameter of Achilles tendon = 7.1±2.0 mm). CONCLUSION: FC tears should be considered in the differential diagnoses for Achillodynia, diagnosed using their characteristic ultrasound findings, with a hypoechoic area at the medial or lateral attachment to the Achilles tendon in the transverse plane