Special Attributes of Adolescent Behaviour and Communication

This thesis is based on theoretical findings in the area of developmental psychology and focuses on the period of adolescence. The aim of the thesis is the description of specific features of adolescence as a developmental period typically associated with certain types of behaviour and typical language usage, mainly in the area of vocabulary. The thesis aims at linking description of intellectual development with linguistic alasysis to specify norms of communication within the youth subculture. Theoretical claims are verified by data from empirical research in the form of a survey and linguistic analyses of both audio and video recordings and samples of written communication between adolescents. The thesis accentuates the term youth subculture and puts forward that one of its main characteristics is a specific area of vocabulary which helps to strengthen peer relationships

<i>acn-1</i> RNAi increased stress resistance.

<p>Hermaphrodites were cultured at 20°C with bacteria containing the control RNAi plasmid (L4440, blue) or the <i>acn-1</i> RNAi plasmid (red) starting at the embryonic stage. (A) <i>rrf-3</i> mutant animals were shifted to 34°C, a heat stress, and scored hourly for survival starting at 6 hours. <i>rrf-3</i> mutant (B) or WT (C) animals were transferred to NGM dishes with 40 mM paraquat, an oxidative stress, and scored every 12 hours for survival. (D) <i>rrf-3</i> mutant animals were transferred to liquid medium containing 240 uM juglone, another oxidative stress, and scored for survival after 9 hours. Bars indicate percent survival and standard deviation. See <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005866#pgen.1005866.t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a> for summary statistics, number of animals and number of independent experiments. *, <i>P</i> < 0.05.</p

<i>acn-1</i> RNAi caused resistance to oxidative and heat stress.

<p><i>acn-1</i> RNAi caused resistance to oxidative and heat stress.</p

Captopril extended the adult lifespan.

<p>(A) Structure of captopril. (B) Survival curves of wild-type (WT) hermaphrodites cultured at 20°C with no drug or captopril (Cap) at concentrations of 1.9 mM, 2.54 mM and 3.18 mM in the NGM medium. Hermaphrodites were exposed to captopril starting at the L4 stage (day 0) and monitored regularly until death. (C) Wild-type hermaphrodites were treated with no drug or 2.54 mM captopril at 20°C. These data represent the analysis of 500 animals in 10 trials, whereas the data in panel B represent 58 animals in 2 trials. (D) WT hermaphrodites were cultured at 15°C. See <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005866#pgen.1005866.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for summary statistics, number of animals and number of independent experiments.</p

Captopril extended adult lifespan.

<p>Captopril extended adult lifespan.</p

Captopril interactions with longevity pathways.

<p>Survival curves of mutant hermaphrodites cultured at 20°C with no drug or 2.54 mM captopril (Cap). Hermaphrodites were exposed to captopril starting at the L4 stage (day 0) and monitored regularly until death. Genotypes were (A) <i>eat-2(ad1116)</i>, (B) <i>isp-1(qm150)</i>, (C) <i>sir-2</i>.<i>1(ok434)</i>, (D) <i>daf-2(e1370)</i> and (E) <i>daf-16(mu86)</i>. See <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005866#pgen.1005866.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for summary statistics, number of animals and number of independent experiments.</p

<i>acn-1</i> RNAi delayed age-related degenerative changes.

<p><i>rrf-3(pk1426)</i> mutant hermaphrodites were cultured at 20°C with bacteria containing the control RNAi plasmid (L4440, blue) or the <i>acn-1</i> RNAi plasmid (red) starting at the embryonic stage. (A) Body movement was assessed by counting body bends with a dissecting microscope. (B) Images show bacterial lawns. Day 15 adults were cultured on fresh, smooth lawns for two hours–lines are tracks caused by moving worms. Animals treated with <i>acn-1</i> RNAi generated more tracks than control animals, and the tracks are suggestive of more coordinated sinusoidal movement compared to control animals. (C) Pharyngeal pumping was assessed by counting pumps with a dissecting microscope. n.s., <i>P</i> > 0.05; *, <i>P</i> < 0.05; **, <i>P</i> < 0.005; ***, <i>P</i> < 0.0001.</p

<i>acn-1</i> RNAi interactions with longevity pathways.

<p>Survival curves of mutant hermaphrodites cultured at 20°C with bacteria containing the control RNAi plasmid (L4440, blue) or the <i>acn-1</i> RNAi plasmid (red). Hermaphrodites were exposed to RNAi bacteria starting at the embryonic stage and monitored regularly until death. Genotypes were (A) <i>eat-2 (ad1116)</i>, (B) <i>isp-1 (qm150)</i>, (C) <i>sir-2</i>.<i>1 (ok434)</i>, (D) <i>daf-2 (e1370)</i>, (E) <i>daf-16 (mu86)</i>, (F) <i>age-1 (hx546)</i>, (G) <i>rict-1 (mg360)</i> and (H) <i>hsf-1 (sy441)</i>. See <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005866#pgen.1005866.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> for summary statistics, number of animals and number of independent experiments.</p

The <i>hc130</i> mutation alters <i>zipt-7</i>.<i>1</i>, which encodes a ZIP family transporter.

<p>(A) Genetic map of linkage group IV (upper) and a corresponding portion of the physical map (lower). Blue line indicates the frequency of CB4856 SNP alleles in homozygous <i>hc130</i> mutant animals, and red shows the inferred position of the <i>hc130</i> mutation. (B) Diagram of the physical map showing <i>zipt-7</i>.<i>1</i> gene structure and portions of flanking genes. Predicted exons are boxes, coding regions are black, and untranslated regions are gray. The extent of the <i>ok971</i> deletion mutation and the positions of <i>hc130</i> and <i>as42</i> are marked. (C) A maximum likelihood tree illustrating evolutionary relationships between predicted ZIP proteins from <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (red), <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (green), <i>Homo sapiens</i> (blue), and <i>Saccharomyces cerevisia</i> (yellow). The ZIP7 family is circled. (D) An alignment of predicted ZIP7 proteins from <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i> (ZIPT-7.1 and ZIPT-7.2), <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> (Catsup), and <i>H</i>. <i>sapiens</i> (ZIP7). Identical residues are marked “*” and similar ones “:”; chemical properties are indicated by color according to ClustalX conventions. The individual numerical values for panel A can be found in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005069#pbio.2005069.s008" target="_blank">S1 Data</a>.</p

Regulation of sperm activation by ZIPT-7.1 is conserved in nematodes.

<p>(A) Maximum likelihood phylogeny of all ZIP7 homologs identified in eight nematode species: <i>Caenorhabditis briggsae</i> (Cbr), <i>C</i>. <i>nigoni</i> (Cni), <i>C</i>. <i>remanei</i> (Cre), <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis</i> (Ctr), <i>C</i>. <i>brenneri</i> (Cbn), <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i> (Cel), <i>C</i>. <i>japonica</i> (Cja), and <i>Onchocerca volvulus</i> (Ovo). Sequences were obtained from <a href="http://wormbase.org" target="_blank">wormbase.org</a> and aligned using ClustalX, and calculations were done using PhyML with 100 bootstrap replications. Blue indicates the ZIPT-7.1 subfamily and green the ZIPT-7.2 subfamily. (B) <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis zipt-7</i>.<i>1</i> mutations produced by gene editing. Gray numbers indicate positions in the coding sequence of the gene. Deleted nucleotides are shown as dashes, and inserted nucleotides are blue. We selected the frameshift alleles <i>v332</i> and <i>v334</i> as representative null alleles and the in-frame deletion <i>v335</i> as a nearly wild-type control. (C, D) Brood sizes of <i>ctr-zipt-7</i>.<i>1</i> hermaphrodites and males, presented as in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005069#pbio.2005069.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>. JU1373 is the wild-type strain of <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis</i>. For D–F, wild-type males were <i>him-8(v287)</i> and mutant males were <i>him-8(v287); zipt-7</i>.<i>1(v332)</i>. (E) Photomicrographs of spermatids stained with Zinpyr-1 to reveal labile zinc levels, as in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005069#pbio.2005069.g005" target="_blank">Fig 5A</a>. Scale bars are 5 μm. (F) Quantitation of fluorescence intensity, as in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005069#pbio.2005069.g005" target="_blank">Fig 5B</a>. The individual numerical values for panels C, D, and F can be found in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005069#pbio.2005069.s008" target="_blank">S1 Data</a>. Cbn, <i>C</i>. <i>brenneri</i>; Cbr, <i>C</i>. <i>briggsae</i>; Cel, <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i>; Cja, <i>C</i>. <i>japonica</i>; Cni, <i>C</i>. <i>nigoni</i>; Cre, <i>C</i>. <i>remanei</i>; Ctr, <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis</i>; Ovo, <i>Onchocerca volvulus</i>.</p