Returning To Work Post Maternity Leaves - A study of well-educated women's experiences in Finland

The purpose of this thesis is to further our understanding of the employed women’s experiences of returning to work after their maternity leaves. In particular, I will look into the experiences of well-educated working mothers in Finland. While Finland has traditionally enjoyed a high level of women’s engagement in paid work, there are few studies concerning their experiences of going back to paid work post maternity leaves in the country. In the broader literature, currently, studies on the topic seem to be insufficient and fragmented, too. Therefore, this thesis attempts to enrich the academic discussion of the topic and hopefully build a solid base for future policies and practices to better facilitate the mothers’ and women’s working. In order to answer the research question of "How do well-educated employed mothers in Finland experience and manage returning to work post maternity leaves?", this thesis is conducted as a qualitative interview study. Specifically, eight in-depth semi-structured interviews were undertaken with eight university-graduated Finnish women who have returned to work for less than two years after their maternity leaves to produce data for the study. The interviews’ transcripts were then analyzed using the thematic analysis method. In the end, five prevalent themes of the well-educated women’s experiences of returning to work post maternity leaves in Finland were identified, namely: (1) The Simultaneous Sense Of Sorrow And Joy, (2) The Enablers For Mothers’ Working In Finland, (3) The Time Management, (4) The Sense Of Guilt, and (5) Work And Home Benefit Each Other

Values education curriculum for high school student in Vietnam: A brieft overview.

Currently, there have been no separate values education subject taught in Vietnam educational settings. The values are normally integrated with other science majors and instructed as moral education at primary school, citizenship education and out-of-class activities at secondary and high school

EFFECT OF ORGANIC LOADING RATE ON SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FROM AQUATIC PRODUCT PROCESSING WASTEWATER BY ADVANCED A2/O – BAF SYSTEM

Combined system of Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic reactor with Biological Aerated Filter (A2/O – BAF) is used to enhance simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus on aquatic product processing wastewater treatment. A2/O reactor was operated with short solids retention time employed mainly for removal of organic matter and phosphorus together with denitrification and BAF with long solids retention time employed mainly for nitrification. The model of combined A2/O – BAF system made from polyacrylic with the capacity of 49.5 liters was operated with hydraulic retention time decreased from 19.2 to 9.6 hours and organic loading rates increased from 0.50 to 1.0 kgCOD/m3/day.  The results showed that the model not only treated organic matter well but also removed nearly completely both nitrogen and phosphorus. For loading rate of 0.75 kgCOD/m3/day, treatment efficiencies of COD, NH4+-N, TN, TP of the model were the highest as 91.02, 96.82, 84.08, 86.66  %, respectively and output values of these parameters were within the limits of QCVN 11:2008/BTNMT, column A

FROM NGUYEN AI QUOC'S POLITICAL TRAINING CLASS IN GUANGZHOU (CHINA) TO LESSONS FOR INNOVATION IN CURRENT TEACHING METHODS

Ho Chi Minh's ideology is a system of comprehensive views on the Vietnamese revolution. Among these views, the content of his ideology on education has great theoretical and practical significance for the education sector. From inheriting national traditions to absorbing the quintessence of human culture on the basis of Marxism-Leninism, teacher Vuong applied that ideology to the politics class in Guangzhou (China). Although his study time was short, Nguyen Ai Quoc trained a generation of core cadres for the Vietnamese Revolution. Nearly a century has passed, but his content and methods of education still have special significance for innovating teaching methods in the education sector in the current context of international integration.  Article visualizations

TEACHERS’ BELIEFS AND PRACTICES OF SCAFFOLDING STUDENTS’ PARAGRAPH WRITING THROUGH MIND-MAPPING AT PRE-WRITING STAGE

Scaffolding is considered as a kind of support assisting students in completing language learning tasks. Research into mind-mapping, a type of graphic organizer, has indicated its role as a scaffolding strategy in teaching English. This paper reports a descriptive study examining teachers’ beliefs and practices of using mind-mapping to scaffold students’ paragraph writing at pre-writing stage. The data discussed in this paper include questionnaires and observations with eighty-four teachers of English as a foreign language. The findings of the research reveal teachers’ positive beliefs about mind-mapping and their practices of mind-mapping to scaffold students’ paragraph writing. Pedagogical implications for teachers and students are presented.  Article visualizations

光波長多重及び光時分割多重ネットワークにおける光波長マルチキャスティング技術

The capacity of optical communication systems has shown an incredibly thriving growth from their inception to the last several decades. From the observations in traffic demand, the objectives of this thesis are to develop some key functions for improving the flexibility and efficiency of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and optical division multiplexing (OTDM) networks by using wavelength multicasting technique. Practically, at a photonic gateway, for the interconnection between WDM and OTDM networks, an nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ)-to-return-to-zero (RZ) waveform conversion is necessary due to the popular utilization of NRZ and RZ formats in WDM and OTDM networks, respectively. Moreover, if the waveform conversion combines with wavelength multicasting, multiple RZ signals will be generated, resulting in an increase of the throughput of network and the flexibility of wavelength assignment. A desirable stage after these conversions is to aggregate the higher bit-rates OTDM signals based on these lower bit-rates multicast RZ signals. The pulsewidth is one of the parameters to determine the bit-rates of OTDM signals. Therefore, to achieve the aggregate OTDM signals with flexible bit-rates adapting to specific network demand, it is necessary to manage the pulsewidth in a wide tuning range. In the first work, a NRZ data signal is injected into an highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF)-based four-wave mixing (FWM) switch with four RZ clocks compressed by a Raman amplification-based multiwavelength pulse compressor (RA-MPC).The pulsewidth of four multicast RZ signals is adjusted in a continuously large range from 12.17 to 4.68 ps by changing Raman pump power of RA-MPC. In addition, the sampling of optical signal waveform is necessary to monitor signals in optical network. The signals can always be analyzed off-line by capture-and-process-later techniques. However, it is challenging that these techniques are not compatible with instantaneous amplitude changes of signals as well as capturing the details and singular manners such as transient events which need real-time processing. Therefore, in the second work, an effort to characterize the waveform of signal in real-time using wavelength multicasting technique with multiwavelength sampling short-width pulses which are on the order of a few picoseconds is implemented. Using the short pulsewidths of the sampling pulses, it is possible to sample the signal precisely because its waveform does not change significantly in the sampling time. An all-optical waveform sampling of NRZ and RZ on-off-keying (OOK) signals is focused. The 4x10 GHz WDM sampling pulses are compressed with the pulsewidth which are less than 3 ps by RA-MPC and then interact with the input signal under test using FWM effect in an HNLF. Four obtained sampled signals result in a sampling rate of 40 GSample/s, therefore, the reconstructed waveforms are well-matched with the input signal waveforms. Moving to the phase-modulated signals, especially RZ-differential phase shift keying (DPSK) signal, it is attractive for RZ-DPSK signal due to its robust tolerance to the effects of some fiber nonlinearities, and the support of high spectral efficiency. Moreover, all-optical pulse compression has been widely investigated as one of the key elements to enable high bit-rate signals overcoming electronics limits. So far, pulse compression has often used before data modulation at the transmitter to generate high bit-rate signals. Our work, on the other hand, implements the pulse compression for RZ-DPSK signal for inline applications. A useful inline application of the data pulse compression is to generate an aggregate high-speed data rate based on optical time multiplexing of many channels with lower-speed data rates. The higher bit-rates of aggregate signals depend on the pulsewidths of lower bit-rate signals. Therefore, the compression of an inline 10 Gb/s RZ-DPSK signal using a distributed Raman amplifier-based compressor (DRA-PC) is done. The RZ-DPSK signal with pulsewidth of 20 ps after 30 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) transmission is compressed down to in picoseconds duration such as 12, 7.0, and 3.2 ps. The pulse compression of the inline signal is applied in two works. In the first work, a compressed signal with the pulsewidth of 3.2 ps is multiplexed to a 40 Gb/s OTDM signal and then successfully de-multiplexed. The second application is wavelength multicasting of the inline compressed RZ-DPSK signal to get multicast signals with short-pulsewidths for increasing the throughput of network and wavelength resource. The DRA-PC compresses the inline RZ-DPSK signal with the obtained pulsewidths of 12, 7.0, and 3.2 ps which then interact with two continuous waves (CWs) in an HNLF-based FWM switch. Thus, the pulsewidths of the multicast signals were compressed down to 12.5, 7.89, and 4.27 ps. Finally, for networking between OTDM and WDM networks, an OTDM-to-WDM conversion is crucially required. However, it is given that in some cases, different WDM channels are expected to be generated in order to connect to each tributary of OTDM signal. In this work, a 20 Gb/s OTDM RZ-DPSK signal is converted to 4x10 Gb/s WDM RZ channels. One tributary of OTDM signal is converted to 2x10 Gb/s WDM RZ signals at two FWM products.電気通信大学201

Effet préventif de la milrinone inhalée chez les patients avec hypertension pulmonaire subissant une chirurgie cardiaque sous circulation extracorporelle : une approche pharmacométrique

La circulation extracorporelle (CEC) est une technique utilisée en chirurgie cardiaque effectuée des milliers de fois chaque jour à travers le monde. L’instabilité hémodynamique associée au sevrage de la CEC difficile constitue la principale cause de mortalité en chirurgie cardiaque et l’hypertension pulmonaire (HP) a été identifiée comme un des facteurs de risque les plus importants. Récemment, une hypothèse a été émise suggérant que l'administration prophylactique (avant la CEC) de la milrinone par inhalation puisse avoir un effet préventif et faciliter le sevrage de la CEC chez les patients atteints d’HP. Toutefois, cette indication et voie d'administration pour la milrinone n'ont pas encore été approuvées par les organismes réglementaires. Jusqu'à présent, la recherche clinique sur la milrinone inhalée s’est principalement concentrée sur l’efficacité hémodynamique et l'innocuité chez les patients cardiaques, bien qu’aucun biomarqueur n’ait encore été établi. La dose la plus appropriée pour l’administration par nébulisation n'a pas été déterminée, de même que la caractérisation des profils pharmacocinétiques (PK) et pharmacodynamiques (PD) suite à l'inhalation. L'objectif de notre recherche consistait à caractériser la relation exposition-réponse de la milrinone inhalée administrée chez les patients subissant une chirurgie cardiaque sous CEC. Une méthode analytique par chromatographie liquide à haute performance couplée à un détecteur ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) a été optimisée et validée pour le dosage de la milrinone plasmatique suite à l’inhalation et s’est avérée sensible et précise. La limite de quantification (LLOQ) était de 1.25 ng/ml avec des valeurs de précision intra- et inter-dosage moyennes (CV%) <8%. Des patients souffrant d’HP pour lesquels une chirurgie cardiaque sous CEC était prévue ont d’abord été recrutés pour une étude pilote (n=12) et, par la suite, pour une étude à plus grande échelle (n=28) où la milrinone (5 mg) était administrée par inhalation pré-CEC. Dans l'étude pilote, nous avons comparé l'exposition systémique de la milrinone peu après son administration avec un nébuliseur pneumatique ou un nébuliseur à tamis vibrant. L’efficacité des nébuliseurs en termes de dose émise et dose inhalée a également été déterminée in vitro. Dans l'étude à plus grande échelle conduite en utilisant exclusivement le nébuliseur à tamis vibrant, la dose inhalée in vivo a été estimée et le profil pharmacocinétique de la milrinone inhalée a été pleinement caractérisé aux niveaux plasmatique et urinaire. Le ratio de la pression artérielle moyenne sur la pression artérielle pulmonaire moyenne (PAm/PAPm) a été choisi comme biomarqueur PD. La relation exposition-réponse de la milrinone a été caractérisée pendant la période d'inhalation en étudiant la relation entre l'aire sous la courbe de l’effet (ASCE) et l’aire sous la courbe des concentrations plasmatiques (ASC) de chacun des patients. Enfin, le ratio PAm/PAPm a été exploré comme un prédicteur potentiel de sortie de CEC difficile dans un modèle de régression logistique. Les expériences in vitro ont démontré que les doses émises étaient similaires pour les nébuliseurs pneumatique (64%) et à tamis vibrant (68%). Cependant, la dose inhalée était 2-3 fois supérieure (46% vs 17%) avec le nébuliseur à tamis vibrant, et ce, en accord avec les concentrations plasmatiques. Chez les patients, en raison des variations au niveau des facteurs liés au circuit et au ventilateur causant une plus grande dose expirée, la dose inhalée a été estimée inférieure (30%) et cela a été confirmé après récupération de la dose de milrinone dans l'urine 24 h (26%). Les concentrations plasmatiques maximales (Cmax: 41-189 ng/ml) et l'ampleur de la réponse maximale ΔRmax-R0 (0-65%) ont été observées à la fin de l'inhalation (10-30 min). Les données obtenues suite aux analyses PK sont en accord avec les données publiées pour la milrinone intraveineuse. Après la période d'inhalation, les ASCE individuelles étaient directement reliées aux ASC (P=0.045). Enfin, notre biomarqueur PD ainsi que la durée de CEC ont été identifiés comme des prédicteurs significatifs de la sortie de CEC difficile. La comparaison des ASC et ASCE correspondantes a fourni des données préliminaires supportant une preuve de concept pour l'utilisation du ratio PAm/PAPm comme biomarqueur PD prometteur et justifie de futures études PK/PD. Nous avons pu démontrer que la variation du ratio PAm/PAPm en réponse à la milrinone inhalée contribue à la prévention de la sortie de CEC difficile.Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a technique used during cardiac surgery performed thousands of times each day worldwide. Hemodynamic complications associated with difficult separation from CPB represent a leading cause of mortality in cardiac surgery and pulmonary hypertension (PH) was identified as one of the most important predictor and risk factor. Recently, inhaled milrinone administration prior to CPB was hypothesized to have a preventive effect and facilitate separation from CPB in patients with PH. However, this indication and route of administration have not yet been approved by regulatory agencies for milrinone. So far, research efforts on inhaled milrinone have mainly focused on evidence supporting hemodynamic efficacy and safety in cardiac patients although no biomarker has been established. The most appropriate dose for nebulization has never been determined, nor have pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles been characterized after inhalation. The objective of the current research consisted of characterizing the exposure-response relationship for milrinone administered by inhalation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. An improved high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical assay using UV detection was validated for the quantification of milrinone in plasma after inhalation and proved to be sensitive and accurate. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 1.25 ng/ml with mean intra-assay and inter-assay precisions (CV%) <8%. Pulmonary hypertensive patients scheduled for cardiac surgery with CPB were first recruited for a pilot (n=12) and, subsequently, a full-scale (n=28) study where milrinone (5mg) was administered by inhalation pre-CPB. In the pilot study, milrinone early systemic exposure was investigated using a jet nebulizer or a mesh nebulizer. Nebulizers performance in terms of emitted and inhaled doses were also determined in vitro. In the full-scale study, using a mesh nebulizer exclusively, in vivo inhaled dose was estimated and milrinone definite pharmacokinetics fully characterized based on blood sampling and urine collection. Mean arterial pressure to mean pulmonary arterial pressure ratio (mAP/mPAP) was selected as the PD biomarker. Milrinone exposure-response relationship was characterized during the inhalation period by studying the relationship between individual area under the effect-time curve (AUEC) and corresponding area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC). Finally, the mAP/mPAP ratio, among other variables, was explored as a potential predictor of difficult separation from bypass in a multiple logistic regression model. In vitro experiments demonstrated that emitted doses were similar for the jet (64%) and the mesh (68.0%) nebulizers. However, the inhaled dose was 2-3 fold higher (46% vs 17%) after mesh nebulization, which was in agreement with plasma concentrations. In patients, due to variations in circuit-related and ventilator-related factors, the inhaled dose was estimated to be lower (30%) and this was confirmed by 24-h recovery in urine (26%). Milrinone peak plasma concentrations (Cmax: 41-189 ng/ml) and magnitude of peak response ΔRmax-R0 (0-65%) were observed at the end of inhalation (10-30 min). Data obtained from PK analysis agreed with published data for intravenous milrinone. After the inhalation period, individual AUEC were directly related to AUC (P=0.045). Finally, our PD biomarker, expressed as ΔRmax-R0, as well as CPB duration, were both identified as significant predictors of DSB. The comparison of corresponding AUC and AUEC provided preliminary evidence of a proof of concept for the use of the mAP/mPAP ratio as a promising PD biomarker and warrants future PK/PD studies. Indeed, mAP/mPAP ratio variation in response to inhaled milrinone was found to contribute in the prevention of DSB

The need for values education programs for both pre-service teachers and in-service teachers in Vietnam

This paper investigates the perceptions of pre-service teachers and in-service teachers regarding the concept of 'values education' and the preparation of values education in professional programs in Vietnam. Furthermore, the pedagogical strategies employed by teachers in addressing values education situations in their classrooms are explored. A qualitative research design was employed, involving interviews with forty-three pre-service teachers from a university. Additionally, eighteen teachers from two different high schools were interviewed, and their teaching sessions, along with school assemblies, were observed. The findings reveal that values education is primarily understood as the instruction of living skills and moral education. There is a lack of conceptualization and knowledge regarding values education among the participants. Both pre-service teachers and in-service teachers did not receive formal values education programs during their university education, and the support provided by schools in this regard was limited. Teachers tended to integrate values education into subjects randomly and subjectively, without employing advanced strategies. Inconsistencies in implementation and challenges associated with teaching values were observed. Highlighting an urgent necessity, this article emphasizes the imperative need for values education programs tailored for both pre-service and in-service teachers in Vietnam. It underscores the significance of adequately equipping teachers to effectively address values education in their classroom

Motivations and Barriers Towards The Adoption of Click-And-Collect Service in Vietnam

The demand for a seamless and channel-agnostic shopping experience propels global merchants towards omni-channel retailing. Click-and-collect (C&C), a service that allows customers to place orders online and collect them at a physical pick-up point, is among the fulfilment option in an omni-channel environment. By investigating the market of Vietnam, this research discovers that the convenience to reach a pick-up station, service cost, perceived efforts paid and service compatibility are four factors with significant impacts on the intention to adopt C&C service of customers. Three factors with considerable influence on consumers usage frequency are convenience to access a pick-up location, service compatibility and perceived efforts. The second finding indicates that customers have different criteria for shopping methods in general and for C&C service in particular. While cost is the most essential element for Vietnamese people when selecting a shopping method, the convenience of accessing pick-up points has the greatest impact on C&C service uptake. By investigating the operational activities of two businesses providing C&C service in Vietnam, several insights can be gained. First, inconsistent implementation of C&C across industries has resulted in a slow rate of development and adoption. Second, the disparity in collection point network of some existing players obstructs service development. The findings are expected to be useful for setting up strategies to promote C&C service in Vietnamese market

An empirical study on factors influencing consumer impulsive purchase behavior: a case of Ho Chi Minh city in the 4.0 era

The fourth industrial revolution (the 4.0 era) has provided companies with more opportunities to attract potential clients across technology-based platforms, thus, bringing new factors that offer a tremendous incentive to buy impulsively, namely Contextual Targeting. Nevertheless, far too little attention has lately been paid to impulse buying behavior in Vietnam. This study offers a comprehensive view on how impulsive behavior is produced, analyzes factors having considerable significance to the impulsiveness, and proposes tactics businesses may use to maximize their sales. The data for this study were selected randomly from the population of Ho Chi Minh city via a survey in the second half of February 2020. From Exploratory Factors Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis, results reveal that contextual targeting of advertising, packaging, and moods are strongly linked to impulse buying behaviors of Vietnamese consumers, especially in Ho Chi Minh city in the 4.0 era. The study proposes appropriate tactics for businesses to employ as a cheat-sheet, which helps manipulate customer mannerism to maximize profits