A see-saw scenario of an A4A_4 flavour symmetric standard model

A see-saw scenario for an $A_4$ flavour symmetric standard model is presented. The latter, compared with the standard model, has an extended field content adopting now an additional $A_4$ symmetry structure (along with the standard model symmetry). As before, the see-saw mechanism can be realized in several models of different types depending on different ways of neutrino mass generation corresponding to the introduction of new (heavy in general) fields with different symmetry structures. In the present paper, a general description of all these see-saw types is made with a more detailed investigation on type-I models, while for type-II and type-III models a similar strategy can be followed. As within the original see-saw mechanism, the symmetry structure of the standard model fields decides the number and the symmetry structure of the new fields. In a model considered here, the scalar sector consists of three standard-model-Higgs-like iso-doublets ($SU_L(2)$-doublets) forming together an $A_4$-triplet, and three iso-singlets transforming as three singlets (1,$1^{'}$ and $1^{''}$) of $A_4$. In the lepton sector, the three left-handed lepton iso-doublets form an $A_4$-triplet, while the three right-handed charged leptons are either $A_4$-singlets in one version of the model, or components of an $A_4$-triplet in another version. To generate neutrino masses through, say, the type-I see-saw mechanism, it is natural to add four right-handed neutrino multiplets, including one $A_4$-triplet and three $A_4$-singlets. For an interpretation, the model is applied to deriving some physics quantities such as neutrinoless double beta decay effective mass $|\langle m_{ee}\rangle|$, CP violation phase $\delta_{CP}$ and Jarlskog parameter $J_{CP}$, which can be verified experimentally.Comment: LaTeX, 31 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables. V3: some parts modifie

Terahertz for subsurface imaging and metrology applications

In the area of metrology and non-destructive testing, Terahertz wavelengths have been widely researched and used. However, the lack of 2D detectors working at room temperature and high power sources prevent the widespread application of Terahertz in industry. In that context, research on the development of new Terahertz equipment is moving at a fast pace. Within the scope of this thesis, applications of newly developed Terahertz technologies were explored using the scanning of single point detectors with the objective to establish the feasibility for their full-field applications in readiness for future 2D detectors. For the first time, a frequency tuneable, all-optical Terahertz source was implemented in multi-wavelength interferometry to overcome one wavelength ambiguity in precise thickness/distance measurements with sub-millimetre resolution. Phase-shifting digital holography is another interferometry technique which allows us to reconstruct not only the amplitude of one object, but also the phase and the depth of it, using existing mathematical algorithms. Digital holography was performed successfully at Terahertz wavelengths using a multiplier/mixer Terahertz source coupled with a single point pyroelectric detector for the applications of non-destructive testing and depth measurements. The novelty is that the phase-stepping technique for digital holography was implemented in THz frequencies for the first time to remove unwanted terms in the reconstructed image in order to improve image quality compare to conventional holography. In the current experiments, recording time for one set of phase-shifting holograms (4 holograms for 4 phase-steps algorithm) was 6 hours. When the technology is ready for 2D detectors, recording time of holograms could be reduced considerably, and the technique will play an important role in full-field applications in industry metrology and/or non-destructive testing and evaluation.EPSR

Blow-up analysis for focusing many-body quantum systems

In dieser Dissertation wird die Bildung von Singularitäten in fokussierenden quantenmechanischen Vielteilchensystemen untersucht. Insbesondere wird das Verhalten der Grundzustandsenergie und der zugehörigen Grundzustände solcher Systeme analysiert, wenn diese sich dabei befinden, zu kollabieren. Artikel A und B sind der Untersuchung von Neutronensternen gewidmet, welche klassische Beispiele für fokussierende, fermionische Vielteilchensysteme sind. Bekanntlich kollabieren Neutronensterne, wenn ihre Masse die sogenannte kritische Chandrasekhar-Masse übersteigt. Mathematisch besteht der Kollaps des Sterns darin, dass die Grundzustandsenergie gleich minus Unendlich ist. Hier wird der Vorgang des Kollapses im Rahmen zweier Näherungsmodelle genauer untersucht, nämlich der Chandrasekhar-Theorie und der Hartree--Fock--Bogoliubov-Theorie. Wir analysieren das asymptotische Verhalten der Energie im massenkritischen Limes und zeigen, dass ein universelles Singularitätenprofil auftritt, welches eine Lösung der Lane--Emden-Gleichung ist. Artikel C und D behandeln Bosonensterne. Obwohl die Existenz solcher Sterne derzeit nicht durch astronomische Beobachtungen belegt ist, stellen sie für die Kosmologie und die mathematische Physik ein interessantes Studienmodell dar. Ähnlich wie Neutronensterne kollabieren Bosonensterne bei genügend großer Masse. Wir untersuchen das Kollaps-Phänomen im Rahmen zweier Modelle, nämlich der Hartree-Theorie und der vollständigen Vielteilchentheorie. Bei letzterer ist es nötig, ein externes Potential einzuführen, um die Existenz eines Grundzustandes zu garantieren. Im massenkritischen Limes zeigen wir, dass Kondensation der Grundzustände auf die Menge der optimierenden Funktionen einer nicht-lokalen Interpolationsungleichung auftritt. Artikel E befasst sich mit Kondensatgemischen aus Bosegasen im Rahmen der vollständigen quantenmechanischen Vielteilchentheorie. Wir betrachten die Grundzustandsenergie eines nicht-relativistischen, bosonischen fokussierenden Vielteilchensystems, welches aus zwei verschiedenen Teilchenspezies besteht, die sich jeweils in einem lokalisierenden Potential befinden. Die Wechselwirkung der Teilchen innerhalb derselben Spezies ist dabei attraktiv, wohingegen die Wechselwirkung zwischen den verschiedenen Spezies attraktiv oder repulsiv sein kann. Im Grenzwert, der den Kollaps beschreibt, zeigen wir, dass die Grundzustände Bose--Einstein-Kondensation aufweisen und, bis auf Reskalierung, zu dem Optimierer der Gagliardo--Nirenberg-Interpolationsungleichung konvergieren.This thesis is focused on the blow-up analysis for focusing many-body quantum systems. The central object of study is the behavior of the ground state energies and ground states in the collapse regime. Papers A and B are concerned with neutron stars which are classic examples of focusing fermionic many-body systems. It is a fundamental fact that neutron stars collapse as soon as their masses exceed the so-called Chandrasekhar limit mass. Mathematically, the collapse corresponds to the unboundedness from below of the ground state energy. Here we study the details of the collapse in two approximate models: the Chandrasekhar theory and the Hartree--Fock--Bogoliubov theory. We investigate the asymptotic behavior of the energy in the mass critical limit and prove that the ground states develop a universal blow-up profile which solves the Lane--Emden equation. Papers C and D treat boson stars. Until now, there is no observational evidence that such stars exist. Nevertheless, they are interesting objects in astronomy and mathematics. Similarly to neutron stars, boson stars collapse when their masses are too big. We will study the collapse phenomenon in two models: the Hartree theory and the full many-body theory. For the latter, we have to include an external potential to guarantee the existence of ground states. In the mass critical limit, we show that the ground states condensate on the optimizers of a non-local interpolation inequality. Paper E deals with the mixture condensate of Bose gases in the full many-body quantum theory. We consider the ground state energy of a confined, non-relativistic bosonic many-body system consisting of two species in the focusing regime and assume attractive intra-species and either attractive or repulsive inter-species interactions between the particles. In the collapse regime, we show that the ground states exhibit the Bose--Einstein condensation and, up to rescaling, converge to the optimizer of the Gagliardo--Nirenberg interpolation inequality

Models of residential space for ethnic minorities in Thanh Hoa Province associated with sustainable livelihoods

Thanh Hoa Province has 11 mountainous districts with seven ethnic minority groups, and the three largest ethnic groups are the Muong, Thai, and H'Mong. This region has great potential for developing a forest-based economy, ecotourism, community-based tourism, and cultural heritage tourism that is associated with cultural festivals, customs, lifestyles, and traditional housing architecture. However, developing a family-based economy, such as engaging in community-based tourism or agricultural production, has negatively affected and disrupted the structure of village spaces, spatial planning, and traditional house design. The arbitrary construction of additional service spaces and spaces for resident guests within the village space and the precinct of a house has reduced the area of the garden and agricultural land. The self-initiated modification, expansion, and use of non-traditional materials in traditional housing structures by residents to serve tourists have resulted in the loss of the architectural value of traditional homes. The exploitation of agricultural land has affected the natural forest area, the forest protection area at the headwaters, and the vegetation cover and natural ecosystems. Moreover, agricultural economic activities have not been linked to service activities, handicraft production, or tourism, and there are no adaptive residential space models, thus failing to create sustainable livelihood activities. Therefore, the article proposes settlement space models and orientations for residential space development including village spaces, house precincts, and traditional housing spaces of ethnic minorities in Thanh Hoa Province, associated with sustainable livelihoods based on the exploitation of traditional housing architectural heritage values to ensure local economic development. These models are closely linked with the conservation and promotion of ethnic cultural values, landscape preservation, environmental protection, and contribution to poverty reduction for residents

Study on the effect of processing methods on the total polyphenol, 2,3,5,4’-tetrahydroxystilben-2-O-β-D-glucoside, and physcion contents in Fallopia multiflora Thunb. Haraldson root

This study investigated the changes in the ingredients in Fallopia multiflora Thunb. Haraldson (FMT) root after processing it with different methods such as soaking, stewing, and steaming or combined methods. The total polyphenol, 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilben-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), and physcion contents in FMT products after processing were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) methods. The results demonstrated that the processing method and time significantly affected the contents of polyphenol, THSG, and physcion. The physcion and total polyphenol content increased or decreased during processing depending upon the processing time, while the THSG content gradually decreased with an increase in the processing time. The content of physcion (a substance that can cause liver toxicity) was analysed, and the suitable conditions for processing of the FMT products were determined as initial soaking in rice swill for 24 h and subsequent stewing with black beans and water for 12 h

Automatic detection of pavement crack feature on images taken from specialized road surface survey vehicle

Approaching to PDCA (Plan - Do - Check - Take Action) in management of infrastructure asset requires digital transformation, sufficient data and strong database supporting management, analysis as well as creation of data-driven decision making tools. For pavements, data including condition indicators such as roughness and rutting depth are collected automatically during the survey vehicle travelling. However, pavement crack ratio and crack features of pattern and segmentation have not been detected by the system but manual in the case in Vietnam. The paper presents result of research on algorithm of statistic machine learning model in AI applying deep learning algorithm to automatically detect crack feature on pavement photos for enhancement of the performance and productivity of current survey technology. In the research, a deep architecture using convolutional neural network (CNN) for crack segmentation on gray scale images has been developed. The results show the CNN model for crack segmentation is better than other methods using traditional digital processing such as the Gabor filters or threshold and machine learning such as Adaboost

Fragmented implementation of maternal and child health home-based records in Vietnam: need for integration

Background: Home-based records (HBRs) are globally implemented as the effective tools that encourage pregnant women and mothers to timely and adequately utilise maternal and child health (MCH) services. While availability and utilisation of nationally representative HBRs have been assessed in several earlier studies, the reality of a number of HBRs subnationally implemented in a less coordinated manner has been neither reported nor analysed. Objectives: This study is aimed at estimating the prevalence of HBRs for MCH and the level of fragmentation of and overlapping between different HBRs for MCH in Vietnam. The study further attempts to identify health workers’ and mothers’ perceptions towards HBR operations and utilisations. Design: A self-administered questionnaire was sent to the provincial health departments of 28 selected provinces. A copy of each HBR available was collected from them. A total of 20 semi-structured interviews with health workers and mothers were conducted at rural communities in four of 28 selected provinces. Results: Whereas HBRs developed exclusively for maternal health and exclusively for child health were available in four provinces (14%) and in 28 provinces (100%), respectively, those for both maternal health and child health were available in nine provinces (32%). The mean number of HBRs in 28 provinces (=5.75) indicates over-availability of HBRs. All 119 minimum required items for recording found in three different HBRs under nationwide scale-up were also included in theMaternal and Child Health Handbook being piloted for nationwide scaling-up. Implementation of multiple HBRs is likely to confuse not only health workers by requiring them to record the same data on several HBRs but also mothers about which HBR they should refer to and rely on at home. Conclusions: To enable both health workers and pregnant women to focus on only one type of HBR, province-specific HBRs for maternal and/or child health need to be nationally standardised. Moreover, to ensure a continuum of maternal, newborn, and child health care, the HBRs currently fragmented into different MCH stages (i.e. pregnancy, delivery, child immunisation, child growth, and child development) should be integrated. Standardisation and integration of HBRs will help increase technical efficiency and financial sustainability of HBR operations

Model of neutrino effective masses

It is shown that an effective (nonrenormalizable) coupling of lepton multiplets to scalar triplets in the 331 model with sterile/exotic neutrinos, can be a good way for generating neutrino masses of different types. The method is simple and avoids radiative/loop calculations which, sometimes, are long and complicated. Basing on some astrophysical arguments it is also stated that the scale of SU(3)L symmetry breaking is at TeV scale, in agreement with earlier investigations. Or equivalently, starting from this symmetry breaking scale we could have sterile/exotic neutrinos with mass of a few keV's which could be used to explain several astrophysical and cosmological puzzles, such as the dark matter, the fast motion of the observed pulsars, the re-ionization of the Universe, etc