Impact of some climatic and phenological parameters on the callogenesis and somatic embrogenesis variations in coco

Callogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (SE) are influenced by several factors including climate and phenology. To assess such an influence, the percentage of callogenesis and SE variations depending on five climatic and two phenological parameters was measured for 2 years. Staminodes and petals from six hybrids and two clones ascontrols were cultured in bulk, onto three distinct calli induction media only differing in hormonal concentrations.From the results, it emerged that sole leaves flush does not vary from year to year. Maximal temperature and flowering level are the most stably linked. Non-linear regression provides the best R2-values of fitted curves. This shows that the link among climate, phenology, callogenesis and SE is not linear. In the first year, in control clones,climatic and phenological parameters explain 52.80% callogenesis variations, against 31.50% for SE. Therefore,climate and phenology significantly influence callogenesis, but not SE. For further industrial production of secondary metabolites such as butter, the obromin and chocolate aroma from calli, it would be desirable also to identify the favourable periods for calli production. Nevertheless, somatic embryos will continue to be produce all the year irrespective of period.Key Words: Côte d’Ivoire, petals, staminode

Relationship between five climatic parameters and somatic embryogenesis from sporophytic floral explants of Theobroma cacao L.

To analyse the relationship between climatic parameters and somatic embryogenesis (SE), some favourable and unfavourable periods were identified. Likewise, to optimize SE in unfavourable periods the relationship among 2,4-D/TDZ, SE and year was analysed. Staminodes and petals of six hybrids and two clones as controls were sown in bulk onto three different calli induction media. Minimal temperature, rainfall, maximal temperature, mean temperature, temperature gaps, sunshine and relative humidity as climatic parameters were simultaneously recorded the day of the harvest of flower buds. Student-Fisher’s test at 5% level, Principal Component Analysis and Pearson’s linear correlation at 5%, 1% or 1‰ were used to separate the averages, identify the best climatic parameters and analyse the link between the climate and SE, respectively. The relative humidity and mean temperature were eliminated from the study. The period that spreads out from January to September favoured SE. In favourable periods, the SE variation was independent of that of concentration in 2,4-D/TDZ. This shows that these are the metabolites coming from 2,4-D/TDZ that activate the genes rather than these two compounds themselves. In unfavourable periods, in the first year, the weakest concentration in 2,4- D/TDZ of PCG3 medium favoured SE, while in the second year that is the strongest concentration of PCG4 which increased it. This could indicate an interaction among year, concentration in 2,4-D/TDZ and SE. However, the link thus established is only statistical. It did not allow the quantification of the contribution level of these climatic parameters to variations of SE.Key words: Somatic embryogenesis variations, staminodes, petals, PCG calli induction media, favourable and unfavourable periods. 2,4-D/TDZ concentration in periods

INTER-FERTILITY AMONG FEMALE PARENT CLONES OF PINEAPPLE INVOLVED IN A 6X6 COMPLETE DIALLEL CROSSING SYSTEM BASED ON TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH

Pineapple ( Ananas comosus L. Merr) breeding programme in C\uf4te d\u2019Ivoire considers fruit diversification as key component in the international pineapple industry. The objective of this study was to determine the sexual compatibility of female pineapple clones recently developed in C\uf4te d\u2019Ivoire. Three female hybrid clones, 410-106-33, 410-200-15, 103-104-6; one variety, known as Queen Victoria RE43; as well as two Smooth Cayenne varieties HA10 and HA25 used as controls, were tested in this study. They were inter-crossed according to a 6x6 complete diallel mating system with selfings. Results showed that female hybrid clone 410-200-15, was the least inter-compatible; implying that it can be indifferently cultivated in single or mixed-crop fields. This was followed by the genitors RE43 and 410-106-33. The response pattern could be due to the relatedness existing among these three clones. Conversely, hybrid clone 103-104-6 was the most inter-compatible. In this case, it needs to undergo successive back-crosses, using the parent HA10 as donor, before on-farm evaluations. The female clones 410-106-33 and RE43 produced the heaviest and the lightest fruits, respectively.Le programme d\u2019am\ue9lioration g\ue9n\ue9tique de l\u2019ananas ( Ananas comosus L.) en C\uf4te d\u2019Ivoire consid\ue8re la diversification fruiti\ue8re comme une composante cl\ue9 pour l\u2019industrie internationale de l\u2019ananas. L\u2019objectif de la pr\ue9sente \ue9tude \ue9tait de d\ue9terminer la compatibilit\ue9 sexu\ue9e de clones femelles d\u2019ananas r\ue9cemment cr\ue9es en C\uf4te d\u2019Ivoire. Trois clones hybrides femelles d\ue9sign\ue9s 410-106-33, 410-200-15, 103-104-6, une vari\ue9t\ue9, connue sous le vocable de Queen Victoria RE43, ainsi que deux vari\ue9t\ue9s Cayenne lisse HA10 et HA25 utilis\ue9s comme t\ue9moins, ont \ue9t\ue9 test\ue9s dans cette \ue9tude. Ils ont \ue9t\ue9 inter-crois\ue9s selon un plan de croisements diall\ue8le complet 6 x 6 avec autof\ue9condations. Les r\ue9sultats ont montr\ue9 que le clone hybride femelle 410-200-15 a \ue9t\ue9 le moins inter-compatible, sugg\ue9rant qu\u2019il peut \ueatre cultiv\ue9 indiff\ue9remment en parcelles mono ou multiclonales. Il a \ue9t\ue9 suivi par les g\ue9niteurs RE43 et 410-106-33. Un tel comportement pourrait \ueatre d\ufb \ue0 la parent\ue9 existant entre ces trois clones. A l\u2019oppos\ue9, le clone hybride 103-104-6 a exprim\ue9 la plus haute inter-compatibilit\ue9. Il devrait \ueatre soumis \ue0 des back crosses successifs, utilisant le parent HA10 comme donneur, avant les \ue9valuations en milieu r\ue9el. Les clones femelles 410-106-33 et RE43 ont produit respectivement les fruits les plus lourds et les plus l\ue9gers

HIV/AIDS-related mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites

This paper is part of the Special Issue : INDEPTH Network Cause-Specific MortalityAs the HIV/AIDS pandemic has evolved over recent decades, Africa has been the most affected region, even though a large proportion of HIV/AIDS deaths have not been documented at the individual level. Systematic application of verbal autopsy (VA) methods in defined populations provides an opportunity to assess the mortality burden of the pandemic from individual data.To present standardised comparisons of HIV/AIDS-related mortality at sites across Africa and Asia, including closely related causes of death such as pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and pneumonia.Deaths related to HIV/AIDS were extracted from individual demographic and VA data from 22 INDEPTH sites across Africa and Asia. VA data were standardised to WHO 2012 standard causes of death assigned using the InterVA-4 model. Between-site comparisons of mortality rates were standardised using the INDEPTH 2013 standard population.The dataset covered a total of 10,773 deaths attributed to HIV/AIDS, observed over 12,204,043 person-years. HIV/AIDS-related mortality fractions and mortality rates varied widely across Africa and Asia, with highest burdens in eastern and southern Africa, and lowest burdens in Asia. There was evidence of rapidly declining rates at the sites with the heaviest burdens. HIV/AIDS mortality was also strongly related to PTB mortality. On a country basis, there were strong similarities between HIV/AIDS mortality rates at INDEPTH sites and those derived from modelled estimates.Measuring HIV/AIDS-related mortality continues to be a challenging issue, all the more so as anti-retroviral treatment programmes alleviate mortality risks. The congruence between these results and other estimates adds plausibility to both approaches. These data, covering some of the highest mortality observed during the pandemic, will be an important baseline for understanding the future decline of HIV/AIDS.P. Kim Streatfield ... Yohannes A. Melaku ... et.al

Malaria mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites

This paper is part of the Special Issue: INDEPTH Network Cause-Specific Mortality. A Corrigendum has been published for this paper. Please see http://www.globalhealthaction.net/index.php/ gha/article/view/27833Malaria continues to be a major cause of infectious disease mortality in tropical regions. However, deaths from malaria are most often not individually documented, and as a result overall understanding of malaria epidemiology is inadequate. INDEPTH Network members maintain population surveillance in Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites across Africa and Asia, in which individual deaths are followed up with verbal autopsies.To present patterns of malaria mortality determined by verbal autopsy from INDEPTH sites across Africa and Asia, comparing these findings with other relevant information on malaria in the same regions.From a database covering 111,910 deaths over 12,204,043 person-years in 22 sites, in which verbal autopsy data were handled according to the WHO 2012 standard and processed using the InterVA-4 model, over 6,000 deaths were attributed to malaria. The overall period covered was 1992-2012, but two-thirds of the observations related to 2006-2012. These deaths were analysed by site, time period, age group and sex to investigate epidemiological differences in malaria mortality.Rates of malaria mortality varied by 1:10,000 across the sites, with generally low rates in Asia (one site recording no malaria deaths over 0.5 million person-years) and some of the highest rates in West Africa (Nouna, Burkina Faso: 2.47 per 1,000 person-years). Childhood malaria mortality rates were strongly correlated with Malaria Atlas Project estimates of Plasmodium falciparum parasite rates for the same locations. Adult malaria mortality rates, while lower than corresponding childhood rates, were strongly correlated with childhood rates at the site level.The wide variations observed in malaria mortality, which were nevertheless consistent with various other estimates, suggest that population-based registration of deaths using verbal autopsy is a useful approach to understanding the details of malaria epidemiology.P. Kim Streatfield ... Yohannes A. Melaku ... et. al

Mortality from external causes in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System Sites.

BACKGROUND: Mortality from external causes, of all kinds, is an important component of overall mortality on a global basis. However, these deaths, like others in Africa and Asia, are often not counted or documented on an individual basis. Overviews of the state of external cause mortality in Africa and Asia are therefore based on uncertain information. The INDEPTH Network maintains longitudinal surveillance, including cause of death, at population sites across Africa and Asia, which offers important opportunities to document external cause mortality at the population level across a range of settings. OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns of mortality from external causes at INDEPTH Network sites across Africa and Asia, according to the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy (VA) cause categories. DESIGN: All deaths at INDEPTH sites are routinely registered and followed up with VA interviews. For this study, VA archives were transformed into the WHO 2012 VA standard format and processed using the InterVA-4 model to assign cause of death. Routine surveillance data also provide person-time denominators for mortality rates. RESULTS: A total of 5,884 deaths due to external causes were documented over 11,828,253 person-years. Approximately one-quarter of those deaths were to children younger than 15 years. Causes of death were dominated by childhood drowning in Bangladesh, and by transport-related deaths and intentional injuries elsewhere. Detailed mortality rates are presented by cause of death, age group, and sex. CONCLUSIONS: The patterns of external cause mortality found here generally corresponded with expectations and other sources of information, but they fill some important gaps in population-based mortality data. They provide an important source of information to inform potentially preventive intervention designs

Adult non-communicable disease mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites

Background: Mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a major global issue, as other categories of mortality have diminished and life expectancy has increased. The World Health Organization's Member States have called for a 25% reduction in premature NCD mortality by 2025, which can only be achieved by substantial reductions in risk factors and improvements in the management of chronic conditions. A high burden of NCD mortality among much older people, who have survived other hazards, is inevitable. The INDEPTH Network collects detailed individual data within defined Health and Demographic Surveillance sites. By registering deaths and carrying out verbal autopsies to determine cause of death across many such sites, using standardised methods, the Network seeks to generate population-based mortality statistics that are not otherwise available. Objective: To describe patterns of adult NCD mortality from INDEPTH Network sites across Africa and Asia, according to the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy (VA) cause categories, with separate consideration of premature (15–64 years) and older (65+ years) NCD mortality. Design: All adult deaths at INDEPTH sites are routinely registered and followed up with VA interviews. For this study, VA archives were transformed into the WHO 2012 VA standard format and processed using the InterVA-4 model to assign cause of death. Routine surveillance data also provide person-time denominators for mortality rates. Results: A total of 80,726 adult (over 15 years) deaths were documented over 7,423,497 person-years of observation. NCDs were attributed as the cause for 35.6% of these deaths. Slightly less than half of adult NCD deaths occurred in the 15–64 age group. Detailed results are presented by age and sex for leading causes of NCD mortality. Per-site rates of NCD mortality were significantly correlated with rates of HIV/AIDS-related mortality. Conclusions: These findings present important evidence on the distribution of NCD mortality across a wide range of African and Asian settings. This comes against a background of global concern about the burden of NCD mortality, especially among adults aged under 70, and provides an important baseline for future work.P. Kim Streatfield ... Yohannes A. Melaku ... et al

Mortality from external causes in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites

This paper is part of the Special Issue: INDEPTH Network Cause-Specific MortalityMortality from external causes, of all kinds, is an important component of overall mortality on a global basis. However, these deaths, like others in Africa and Asia, are often not counted or documented on an individual basis. Overviews of the state of external cause mortality in Africa and Asia are therefore based on uncertain information. The INDEPTH Network maintains longitudinal surveillance, including cause of death, at population sites across Africa and Asia, which offers important opportunities to document external cause mortality at the population level across a range of settings.To describe patterns of mortality from external causes at INDEPTH Network sites across Africa and Asia, according to the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy (VA) cause categories.All deaths at INDEPTH sites are routinely registered and followed up with VA interviews. For this study, VA archives were transformed into the WHO 2012 VA standard format and processed using the InterVA-4 model to assign cause of death. Routine surveillance data also provide person-time denominators for mortality rates.A total of 5,884 deaths due to external causes were documented over 11,828,253 person-years. Approximately one-quarter of those deaths were to children younger than 15 years. Causes of death were dominated by childhood drowning in Bangladesh, and by transport-related deaths and intentional injuries elsewhere. Detailed mortality rates are presented by cause of death, age group, and sex.The patterns of external cause mortality found here generally corresponded with expectations and other sources of information, but they fill some important gaps in population-based mortality data. They provide an important source of information to inform potentially preventive intervention designs.P. Kim Streatfield ... Yohannes A. Melaku ... et. al

Malaria mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites.

BACKGROUND: Malaria continues to be a major cause of infectious disease mortality in tropical regions. However, deaths from malaria are most often not individually documented, and as a result overall understanding of malaria epidemiology is inadequate. INDEPTH Network members maintain population surveillance in Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites across Africa and Asia, in which individual deaths are followed up with verbal autopsies. OBJECTIVE: To present patterns of malaria mortality determined by verbal autopsy from INDEPTH sites across Africa and Asia, comparing these findings with other relevant information on malaria in the same regions. DESIGN: From a database covering 111,910 deaths over 12,204,043 person-years in 22 sites, in which verbal autopsy data were handled according to the WHO 2012 standard and processed using the InterVA-4 model, over 6,000 deaths were attributed to malaria. The overall period covered was 1992-2012, but two-thirds of the observations related to 2006-2012. These deaths were analysed by site, time period, age group and sex to investigate epidemiological differences in malaria mortality. RESULTS: Rates of malaria mortality varied by 1:10,000 across the sites, with generally low rates in Asia (one site recording no malaria deaths over 0.5 million person-years) and some of the highest rates in West Africa (Nouna, Burkina Faso: 2.47 per 1,000 person-years). Childhood malaria mortality rates were strongly correlated with Malaria Atlas Project estimates of Plasmodium falciparum parasite rates for the same locations. Adult malaria mortality rates, while lower than corresponding childhood rates, were strongly correlated with childhood rates at the site level. CONCLUSIONS: The wide variations observed in malaria mortality, which were nevertheless consistent with various other estimates, suggest that population-based registration of deaths using verbal autopsy is a useful approach to understanding the details of malaria epidemiology

Adult non-communicable disease mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites.

BACKGROUND: Mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a major global issue, as other categories of mortality have diminished and life expectancy has increased. The World Health Organization's Member States have called for a 25% reduction in premature NCD mortality by 2025, which can only be achieved by substantial reductions in risk factors and improvements in the management of chronic conditions. A high burden of NCD mortality among much older people, who have survived other hazards, is inevitable. The INDEPTH Network collects detailed individual data within defined Health and Demographic Surveillance sites. By registering deaths and carrying out verbal autopsies to determine cause of death across many such sites, using standardised methods, the Network seeks to generate population-based mortality statistics that are not otherwise available. OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns of adult NCD mortality from INDEPTH Network sites across Africa and Asia, according to the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy (VA) cause categories, with separate consideration of premature (15-64 years) and older (65+ years) NCD mortality. DESIGN: All adult deaths at INDEPTH sites are routinely registered and followed up with VA interviews. For this study, VA archives were transformed into the WHO 2012 VA standard format and processed using the InterVA-4 model to assign cause of death. Routine surveillance data also provide person-time denominators for mortality rates. RESULTS: A total of 80,726 adult (over 15 years) deaths were documented over 7,423,497 person-years of observation. NCDs were attributed as the cause for 35.6% of these deaths. Slightly less than half of adult NCD deaths occurred in the 15-64 age group. Detailed results are presented by age and sex for leading causes of NCD mortality. Per-site rates of NCD mortality were significantly correlated with rates of HIV/AIDS-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: These findings present important evidence on the distribution of NCD mortality across a wide range of African and Asian settings. This comes against a background of global concern about the burden of NCD mortality, especially among adults aged under 70, and provides an important baseline for future work