The Effect of Employee Motivation on Involvement, Commitment, and Job Satisfaction (Study of Employees of the State Electricity Company, Kupang Region, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia)

This research is motivated by the contradictions of thought contained in motivational theory, and empirical findings of previous research regarding policies on the development and utilization of human resources that can improve job satisfaction. Analysis techniques, using generalized structured component analysis (GSCA). Sample data were 154 respondents as employees at the Kupang State Electricity Company, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia.This study aims to examine and explain the effect of employee motivation on involvement, commitment, and job satisfaction. Test and explain the influence of involvement on commitment, and job satisfation. Test and explain the influence of commitment to job satisfation.This study found that employee motivation has a significant positive effect on involvement, commitment, and job satisfaction. Involvement has a significant positive effect on commitment, and job satisfaction. Commitment has a significant positive effect on job satisfaction. This study concluded that employee motivation can determine involvement, commitment, and job satisfaction. Company management and labor regulators can examine variables of employee motivation, involvement, commitment, and job satisfaction, to make policies for the development and utilization of human resources that can increase job satisfaction for workers in order to achieve organizational or corporate goals. Keywords: Employee Motivation, Involvement, Commitment, and Job Satisfaction. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/11-15-11 Publication date:May 31st 201

Farmer Share and Efficiency of Breeding Cow Marketing Channels in Bali

Experts have widely carried out research on cattle since 1960. However, regarding the efficiency of the cattle marketing channel in Bali, especially in the livestock group in the village of Ayunan, it is necessary to study its efficiency for that researcher conducted research to know the efficiency of marketing cattle in Bali. Using the census method, 40 farmers consisted of two livestock groups, namely the Karang Ayu livestock group and the Karya livestock group, each consisting of 20 people. Instruments or measuring tools used in the interview guide to help obtain answers from respondents are structured and closed questionnaires for open-ended questions. The results showed four channels formed from the marketing system of cattle breeds in Bali, namely marketing channel i. Breeders sell livestock to other farmers in one village (12.5%), Marketing Channel ii. Breeders sell directly to animal markets (7.5%). %), Channel iii Farmers sell livestock to blank in the cattle barn (74.5%), and IV Farmers sell livestock to blank in the animal market (5.5%). With marketing efficiency for male seeds for each channel of 0; 2.57; 1.18, and 1.61, while the marketing efficiency in each channel for female cattle is: 0;3.53; 1.50, and 1.92. It is said that the most effective marketing channel for cattle breeds in Bali is through my marketing, namely the breeders selling the cow breeds in the stables and those who buy them around the farm because they do not incur marketing costs

Pathways to care:IDPs seeking health support and justice for sexual and gender-based violence through social connections in Garowe and Kismayo, Somalia and South Kivu, DRC

A growing literature documents the significant barriers to accessing care that Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) face. This study focuses on gender-based violence (SGBV), an issue often exacerbated in times of forced displacement, and adds to extant debates by considering the wide range of social connections (pathways and actors) involved in providing care beyond the formal biomedical (and justice) system. This research asks, who do IDPs turn to following SGBV and why? How effective do IDPs perceive these social connections to be? To answer these research questions, the study used ‘participatory social mapping’ methodology for 31 workshops held with over 200 participants in Somalia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2021/2022. Pathways to SGBV-related care for IDPs appear eclectic and contingent upon not only the availability and accessibility of support resources but also social, cultural and gendered beliefs and practices. ‘Physical’, mental health, and justice needs are intertwined. They are hard to decouple as many actors cut across need categories, including family, faith and aid organisations, and customary institutions. Comparing Congolese and Somali sites of displaced communities, we see significant similarities and overlaps in pathways to care. While both countries have experienced severe erosions of state capacity, NGOs and parallel faith-based and customary legal, psychological, and health systems have filled the state's weakness to varying degrees of acceptance by IDP participants. A comprehensive understanding of the local milieu, which requires illuminating the logics behind where people actually turn to for care, is crucial for interventions supporting SGBV victims/survivors; indeed, they risk being inefficient if they only address barriers to formal systems

Zr alloy protection against high-temperature oxidation: Coating by a double-layered structure with active and passive functional properties

In this work, a new concept of metal surface protection against degradation caused by high-temperature oxidation in water environment is presented. We were the first to create a double-layered coating consisting of an active and passive part to protect Zr alloy surface against high-temperature oxidation in a hot water environment. We investigated the hot steam corrosion of ZIRLO fuel cladding coated with a double layer consisting of 500 nm nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) as the bottom layer and 2 m chromium-aluminum-silicon nitride (CrAlSiN) as the upper layer. Coated and noncoated ZIRLO samples were exposed for 4 days at 400 °C in an autoclave (working water-cooled nuclear reactor temperature) and for 60 minutes at 1000 °C (nuclear reactor accident temperature) in a hot steam furnace. We have shown that the NCD coating protects the Zr alloy surface against oxidation in an active way: carbon from NCD layer enters the Zr alloy surface and, by changing the physical and chemical properties of the Zr cladding tube surface, limits the Zr oxidation process. In contrast, the passive CrAlSiN coating prevents the Zr cladding tube surface from coming into physical contact with the hot steam. The advantages of the double layer were demonstrated, particularly in terms of hot (accident-temperature) oxidation kinetics: in the initial stage, CrAlSiN layer with low number of defects acts as an impermeable barrier. But after a longer time (more than 20 minutes) the protection by more cracked CrAlSiN decreases. At the same time, the carbon from NCD strongly penetrates the Zr cladding surface and worsen conditions for Zr oxidation. For the double-layer coating, the underlying NCD layer mitigates thermal expansion, reducing cracks and defects in upper layer CrAlSiN

Germination capacity and seed storage behaviour of threatened metallophytes from the Katanga copper belt (D.R. Congo): Implications for ex situ conservation

peer reviewedBackground and aims - Plant species adapted to metalliferous soil are of high conservation value, and actions for preserving these species (some of them are endemics) are urgent given the threat of mining activities. In the framework of an integrated conservation programme of cuprophytes (plants that tolerate a soil with a high level of copper) in Katanga (D.R.Congo), this study aims at: (1) providing new data on species whose germination has never been studied so far; (2) gaining new insight into the storage behaviour of these species; (3) discussing implications for ex situ conservation of these highly threatened species. Methods - Germination tests were conducted on fresh seeds of nineteen species. These tests were repeated after 6, 12 and 24 months of storage in dry-cold conditions. Key results - Most species kept or increased their germination capacity after 2 years storage in dry-cold conditions. Nine species showed a slight decrease in their viability (from 100% to > 80%) after 2 years storage in dry-cold conditions. The present study gives evidence that at least six of the 19 studied species are desiccation-tolerant (orthodox). Among these, two are strict endemics, Haumaniastrum robertii and Faroa malaissei, and two are broad endemics, Diplolophium marthozianum and Gladiolus robiliartianus. This means that ex situ seed banking of these species could form a useful part of a more comprehensive conservation strategy. Only two species have been identifed as desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant), i.e. inappropriate for conservation in standard seed bank conditions. An orthodox behaviour has not been ruled out for the other species tested, but their response was less clear and needs further investigation. © 2013 National Botanic Garden of Belgium and Royal Botanical Society of Belgium

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