80 research outputs found

    Encapsulation of a chloroform molecule in a peptide nanotube

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    We determine the encapsulation of a chloroform molecule into a D,L-Ala cyclopeptide nanotube by investigating the interaction energy between the two molecular structures. We employ the Lennard-Jones potential and a continuum approach which assumes that the atoms are evenly distributed over the molecules providing average atomic densities. Our result demonstrates that the encapsulation depends on the size of the molecule and the internal diameter of the peptide nantube. In particular, the on-axis chloroform molecule is only accepted into a peptide nanotube whose internal radius is greater than 5 Å. If located near the edge of the nanotube, then it is unlikely that the chloroform molecule will enter the nanotube. This is due to the energy valley that the molecule will need to overcome to move past the edge into the open end of the nanotube

    Mathematical modelling in nanotechnology

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    The interaction of nano particles with conventional materials dramatically changes all the physical parameters, which usually characterize the bulk material. The nano particles constitute highly reactive isolated sites to the extent that it leads to a change in the electronic structure of the nano composite, and accordingly all the physical properties, such as thermal, mechanical and electrical properties become different from those of the bulk material. To successfully exploit nano composites as components and devices, this fundamental shift of physical properties must be properly understood and accurately modelled. While experimentation is crucial, a theoretical understanding is also necessary and with changed physical parameters, existing continuum theories may still be able to capture critical phenomena. This paper provides an introduction to some of the issues and the theoretical developments in nanotechnology involving the three topics of the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids, electrorheological fulids and the mechanics of carbon nanotubes. It is presented with a view to identifying those areas where applied mathematical modelling might yield important insights

    Modelling water molecules inside cyclic peptide nanotubes

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    Cyclic peptide nanotubes occur during the selfassembly process of cyclic peptides. Due to the ease of synthesis and ability to control the properties of outer surface and inner diameter by manipulating the functional side chains and the number of amino acids, cyclic peptide nanotubes have attracted much interest from many research areas. A potential application of peptide nanotubes is their use as artificial transmembrane channels for transporting ions, biomolecules and waters into cells. Here, we use the Lennard-Jones potential and a continuum approach to study the interaction of a water molecule in a cyclo[(-DAla- L-Ala)4-] peptide nanotube. Assuming that each unit of a nanotube comprises an inner and an outer tube and that a water molecule is made up of a sphere of two hydrogen atoms uniformly distributed over its surface and a single oxygen atom at the centre, we determine analytically the interaction energy of the water molecule and the peptide nanotube. Using this energy, we find that, independent of the number of peptide units, the water molecule will be accepted inside the nanotube. Once inside the nanotube, we show that a water molecule prefers to be off-axis, closer to the surface of the inner nanotube. Furthermore, our study of two water molecules inside the peptide nanotube supports the finding that water molecules form an array of a 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 file inside peptide nanotubes. The theoretical study presented here can facilitate thorough understanding of the behaviour of water molecules inside peptide nanotubes for applications, such as artificial transmembrane channels

    Encapsulation of C60 fullerenes into single-walled carbon nanotubes: Fundamental mechanical principles and conventional applied mathematical modeling

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    A well-known self-assembled hybrid carbon nanostructure is a nanopeapod which may be regarded as the prototype nanocarrier for drug delivery. While the investigation of the packing of C60 molecules inside a carbon nanotube is usually achieved through either experimentation or large scale computation, this paper adopts elementary mechanical principles and classical applied mathematical modeling techniques to formulate explicit analytical criteria and ideal model behavior for such encapsulation. In particular, we employ the Lennard-Jones potential and the continuum approximation to determine three encapsulation mechanisms for a C60 fullerene entering a tube: (i) through the tube open end (head-on), (ii) around the edge of the tube open end, and (iii) through a defect opening on the tube wall. These three encapsulation mechanisms are undertaken for each of the three specific carbon nanotubes (10,10), (16,16), and (20,20). We assume that all configurations are in vacuum and the C60 fullerene is initially at rest. Double integrals are performed to determine the energy of the system and analytical expressions are obtained in terms of hypergeometric functions. Our results suggest that the C60 fullerene is most likely to be encapsulated by head-on through the open tube end and that encapsulation around the tube edge is least likely to occur because of the large van der Waals energy barriers which exist at the tube ends

    Effects of Patient Education on the Use of Herbal and Nutritional Supplements in Patients with Renal Impairment

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    Objective: To determine the use rate of herbs and dietary supplements and evaluate the effects of health education on using of herbs and dietary supplements with potential effects on renal function in patients with renal impairment. Methods: This one-group pretest-posttest experimental study was conducted at the outpatient department in Suddhavej hospital, Faculty of medicine, Mahasarakham University between January and February 2016. Patients were provided an in-person health education session on herbs and dietary supplements with flip charts, leaflets, and pocketbook. The education was also given in the next 5 days via telephone. Patients’ knowledge about the subject was measured before and after the education session and renal function was monitored before and 1 month, or next visit, after the session. Data of knowledge and the use behavior were collected using questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test and McNemar chi-square tests were used for analysis. Results: Of the 38 patients participating, they were 62.45 years of age and 57.9% were women. Before education session (baseline), their knowledge’s score was 6.21 ± 3.09 and was increased to 14.42 ± 1.00 and 14.11 ± 1.20 points at the end of the session and the study, with statistical significance (P-value < 0.001, for both). The use rate of the products was 44.7% of the patients and drooped to 18.7% at the end of study (P-value = 0.0012). Renal function was slightly increased at the end of study with no statistical significance (P-value). Conclusion: This study showed that the patient education on the usage of herbs and dietary supplements which effect to renal function significantly decreased the use of herbs and dietary supplements and increased patients’ knowledge. Keywords: herb, nutritional supplements, patients with renal impairment, educatio

    Continuum modelling of gigahertz nano-oscillators

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    Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes are of considerable interest throughout many scientific areas due to their unique and exceptional properties, such as low weight, high strength, flexibility, high thermal conductivity and chemical stability. These nanostructures have many potential applications in nano-devices. One concept that has attracted much attention is the creation of nano-oscillators, which can produce frequencies in the gigahertz range, for applications such as ultra-fast optical filters and nano-antennae. In this paper, we provide the underlying mechanisms of the gigahertz nano-oscillators and we review some recent results derived by the authors using the Lennard-Jones potential together with the continuum approach to mathematically model three different types of nano-oscillators including double-walled carbon nanotube, C60-nanotube and C60-nanotorus oscillators

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    The Relationships among Social Situations and Psychological Immunity to Internet Behavior Focusing on Safety and Usefulness of Female Students in High Schools with or without Internet Safety ProjectThe objective of this study was to examine the relationships of the Internet using behavior for safety and usefulness with social situational factors, psychological traits, and psychological states. A sample of 597 Matayomsuksa 3 and 5 female students from four two of the schools utilized the internet behavior for safety and usefulness program while the other two did not. Based on the Interactionism Model as a conceptual framework. There was a total of 21 variables. The fourteen summated rating - scale type of measures were constructed to collect the data. The reliability of each measure ranged from .52 to .87. Three-Way Analysis of Variance, Hierarchical Multiple Regression and Path Analysis were used to analyze the data. Research findings were as follows. 1) The students who attended in the schools without training program but perceived more benefit of internet behavior for safety and usefulness, showed more internet behavior for usefulness than the opposite ones. This result was obvious among the students in the total sample. Also, it was found that the students attending in the schools with training program and perceived more benefit of internet behavior for safety and usefulness, revealed more internet behaviors for usefulness than the counter – parts. This finding was obvious among the students in the total sample and especially 3 types of subsamples namely, students inMatayom 3 level, having lower grade point average and having lower educational level mothers. 2) The students with the more parents’ control of internet use and with the high psychological immunity had more internet using behavior for safety than their counterparts. This result was evident among the students from the schools with the internet using behavior program, the students with a low GPA, or the students with moderate time spent on the internet. 3) The students with the more perception of the benefits from school internet behavior program and with many good peer models for internet use had more peer supportive behavior on safety and usefulness than their counterparts. This finding wasprominent among the students from high economic status families. 4) Eleven variables were found to be predictive of all three types of the internet using behavior both in the total sample and in the various subsamples. 4.1) Internet using behavior for usefulness, the variables could account for 26.7 to 39.0%. 4.2) Internet using for safety, the variables could account for 38.2 to 50.6%. 4.3) Peer supportive behavior on safety and useful internet use, the variables could account for 37.9 to 51.2%. The important predictors were the favorable attitude towards the internet using behavior for safety andusefulness, the parents’ control of internet use, future orientation and self-control, psychological immunity, the perception of benefits from the school’s internet training, correspondently. 5) Favorable attitude towards the internet behavior for safety and usefulness directly influenced the internet behavior for usefulness and the peer supportive behavior for safety and usefulness more than other variables.Furthermore, future orientation and self-control directly influenced the safe use of internet more than other variables.Keywords: internet behavior for safety and usefulness, psychological immunity,future orientation and self - control, parents’ control of internet useāļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­āļˆāļļāļ”āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē 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āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ™āļīāļĒāļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļ āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŠāļēāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāļ–āļ”āļ–āļ­āļĒāļžāļŦāļļāļ„āļđāļ“āđāļšāļšāļĄāļĩāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™ āļœāļĨāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē 1) āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļĄāļēāļ āļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŊ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļŊāļĄāļēāļ 2) āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĄāļēāļāļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļĄāļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ•āļŠāļđāļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŊ āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ•āđˆāļģ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ 3) āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĄāļēāļ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĄāļēāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļžāļšāđ€āļ”āđˆāļ™āļŠāļąāļ”āđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āļĄāļĩāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļŠāļđāļ‡ 4) āļžāļšāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡11 āļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļģāļ™āļēāļĒāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļēāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒāļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ 4.1) āļ—āļģāļ™āļēāļĒāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 26.7 āļ–āļķāļ‡ 39.0 āđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŊ 4.2) āļ—āļģāļ™āļēāļĒāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 38.2 āļ–āļķāļ‡ 50.0 āđāļĨāļ° 4.3) āļ—āļģāļ™āļēāļĒāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 37.9 āļ–āļķāļ‡ 51.2 āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļģāļ™āļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 3 āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡ āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ•āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ āļđāļĄāļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ• āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™ āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļšāļˆāļēāļāļĄāļēāļāđ„āļ›āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ 5) āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĄāļĩāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ•āļ™ āļĄāļĩāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ• āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ•āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­

    āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ•āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļœāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ§āļąāļĒāļĢāļļāđˆāļ™ (Reading Behavior of Adolescents : Its Psycho-Social Antecedents and Consequential Stress Coping)

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              Love reading behavior in adolescents should receive the promotion as many scholars agreed that there are many good points to them such as students who love reading would be able to adjust themselves to the changes in the society properly, this behavior can help him control and endure their nervous. They, moreover, can manage their stress wisely. The purposes of this research were 1) to study the relationship between the social situation and psychological characteristics of various kinds of students to the reading behavior 2) to identify antecedents and predictive power of psychological states on students. Sample of this study were 531 studying students at 9th grade in junior high school and two kinds of junior high school which were two reading habit promotion schools and two non reading habit promotion schools.          In this study, there were two factors of reading behavior, one was amount of reading positive content, and another was interesting positive content. Interactionism Model was used as a conceptual framework and literature review.           Six research hypothesizes were tested by two types of statistics that were consisted of Two – Way and Three – Way Analysis of Variance and Multiple Regression Analysis in terms of Standard and Stepwise.          There were 3 important findings as follows:          First, 1) Students, with high amount of reading positive content, were found in students in the reading habit promotion school or with high support in reading from teachers in the whole group. 2) Students, who were high interested in the positive content, were students with high support in reading from parents and in high need for achievement, and with high future orientation – self control had highest interesting positive content.           Second, after using all 11 independent variables which were divided into 6 variables of situational condition, 3 variables of psychological traits, and 2 variables of psychological state, the independent variables could predict the reading behavior. Amount of the intention in reading in the positive content from 55.40% to 64.20% in subgroups. All these groups could be respectively classified from the highest to the lowest as the following: attitudes toward reading behavior, need for achievement, peer model, and future orientation – self control.           Third, when taking 2 factors— amount of time in reading positive content and intention in reading in the positive content—the study could predict the stress management from 9.40 to 19.40 in various kinds of students. Key words: reading behavior, reading interest  āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­          āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāđāļāđˆāđ€āļĒāļēāļ§āļŠāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āļīāļŠāļąāļĒ āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āļœāļĨāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĒāļēāļ§āļŠāļ™āļĄāļĩāļ™āļīāļŠāļąāļĒāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļˆāļ°āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļĒāļēāļ§āļŠāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āļˆāļąāļāļĢāļ°āļ‡āļąāļšāļ­āļēāļĢāļĄāļ“āđŒ āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ­āļ”āļ—āļ™ āļĢāļđāđ‰āļˆāļąāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļˆāļļāļ”āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ 1) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āđˆāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļāļąāļšāļˆāļīāļ•āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļēāļāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļ” 2) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđāļŠāļ§āļ‡āļŦāļēāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļˆāļīāļ•āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™ āđƒāļ™āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† 3) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ”āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļēāļāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļ” āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļĄāļąāļ˜āļĒāļĄāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ 3 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļēāļĨāļąāļ‡āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™ 2 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āļ„āļ·āļ­ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ™āļīāļŠāļąāļĒāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļˆāļēāļ™āļ§āļ™ 2 āđ‚āļĢāļ‡ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ™āļīāļŠāļąāļĒāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļ­āļĩāļ 2 āđ‚āļĢāļ‡ āļĢāļ§āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļ™āļ§āļ™ 531 āļ„āļ™           āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™ 2 āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ (āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒ) āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ™āļīāļĒāļĄ (Interactionism Model) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļĢāļ­āļšāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™          āļŠāļĄāļĄāļ•āļīāļāļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩ 6 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļĄāļĄāļ•āļīāļāļēāļ™āļĄāļĩ 2 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ— āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 1) āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāļŠāļēāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡ (Two - Way and Three - Way Analysis of Variance) 2) āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ–āļ”āļ–āļ­āļĒāļžāļŦāļļāļ„āļđāļ“āđāļšāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™ (Standard and Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis)          āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļ          āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡ 1) āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĢāļ§āļĄāļĄāļēāļ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ™āļīāļŠāļąāļĒāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļ„āļĢāļđāļĄāļēāļ āļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ 2) āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļĄāļēāļ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļšāļīāļ”āļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāļĄāļēāļ āļĄāļĩāđāļĢāļ‡āļˆāļđāļ‡āđƒāļˆāđƒāļāđˆāļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļŠāļđāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ•āļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”          āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ‡ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ 6 āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢ āļˆāļīāļ•āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄ 3 āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļīāļ•āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ 2 āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢ āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™ 11 āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢ āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 55.40 āļ–āļķāļ‡ āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 64.20 āđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĄāļĩāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļĨāļēāļ”āļąāļšāļˆāļēāļāļĄāļēāļāđ„āļ›āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™ āđāļĢāļ‡āļˆāļđāļ‡āđƒāļˆāđƒāļāđˆāļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāđāļšāļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™ āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ•āļ™           āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļēāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™2 āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ (āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒ) āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ” āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 9.40 āļ–āļķāļ‡ āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 19.40 āđƒāļ™āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™, āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™&nbsp
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