Deformations of 2k-Einstein structures

It is shown that the space of infinitesimal deformations of 2k-Einstein structures is finite dimensional at compact non-flat space forms. Moreover, spherical space forms are shown to be rigid in the sense that they are isolated in the corresponding moduli space.Comment: 12 pages. Manuscript accepted for publication on Journal of Geometry and Physic

Avaliação do melhor ambiente para o teste de caminhada de seis minutos

Introdução: o objetivo do teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) é avaliar a capacidade cardiorrespiratória por meio de um teste de baixo custo e de fácil administração, sendo bem tolerado por diferentes populações, e que reflita a realização das atividades da vida diária. Entretanto, poucos estudos têm sido realizados para determinar a diferença entre a realização do TC6 em ambientes fechados e ao ar livre. Objetivo: o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a distância percorrida no TC6 realizado em ambientes fechado e ao ar livre e avaliar as seguintes variáveis fisiológicas: frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial e a sensação subjetiva de falta de ar, utilizando a escala de percepção de esforço de Borg.Materiais e métodos Um ensaio clínico randomizado prospectivo foi conduzido envolvendo oito mulheres saudáveis não praticantes de atividade física regular, com média de idade de 23,75 ± 1,67 anos. As participantes realizaram o TC6 nos dois ambientes com um intervalo de 30 minutos entre os testes. A ordem dos testes foi determinada aleatoriamente. Resultados: a distância média percorrida foi de 578 ± 50,07 m ao ar livre e 579,95 ± 45,35 m no ambiente fechado (p = 0,932). As variáveis fisiológicas médias foram 82,25 ± 11,02 bpm (fechado) versus 84,38 ± 9,42 bpm (ar livre) para a frequência cardíaca, 121,88 ± 10,28 mmHg (fechado) versus 118,75 ± 19,40 mmHg (ar livre) para a pressão arterial sistólica, 81,88 ± 9,74 mmHg (fechado) versus 80,50 ± 7,89 mmHg (ar livre) para a pressão arterial diastólica e uma pontuação média de 12 pontos na escala de esforço percebido em ambos os ambientes. Conclusão: os dados demonstraram que não há diferenças nas distâncias percorridas ou entre as variáveis fisiológicas dos participantes durante o TC6 nos ambientes fechado e ao ar livre.Introduction: the purpose of the six-minute walk test (6MWT) is to evaluate cardiopulmonary capacity using a low-cost test that is easy to administer, generally well tolerated by different populations and reflects one’s performance on activities of daily living. However, few studies have been conducted to determine the difference between performing the 6MWT indoors and outdoors. Objective: the aim of the present study was to compare the distance covered on the 6MWT performed indoors and outdoors and evaluate the following physiological variables: heart rate, blood pressure and the subjective sensation of shortness of breath, using the Borg perceived exertion scale.Materials and methods A prospective, randomized, clinical trial was conducted involving eight healthy females not engaged in regular physical activity, with mean age 23.75 ± 1.67 years. Each subject performed the 6MWT indoors and outdoors with a 30-minute interval between tests. The order of the tests was determined randomly.Results The mean distance traveled was 578 ± 50.07 m on the outdoor trial and 579.95 ± 45.35 m on the indoor trial (p = 0.932). The mean physiological variables were 82.25 ± 11.02 bpm (indoors) versus 84.38 ± 9.42 bpm (outdoors) for heart rate, 121.88 ± 10.28 mmHg (indoors)versus 118.75 ± 19.40 mmHg (outdoors) for systolic blood pressure, 81.88 ± 9.74 mmHg (indoors) versus 80.50 ± 7.89 mmHg (outdoors) for diastolic blood pressure and a mean score of 12 on the perceived exertion score in both environments. Conclusions: the present data demonstrate no differences in the distance walked on the 6MWT or the physiologic variables of participants between the indoor and outdoor trials

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Evaluation of the best environment for the six-minute walk test

Introduction: The purpose of the six-minute walk test (6MWT) is to evaluate cardiopulmonary capacity using a low-cost test that is easy to administer, generally well tolerated by different populations and reflects ones performance on activities of daily living. However, few studies have been conducted to determine the difference between performing the 6MWT indoors and outdoors. Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the distance covered on the 6MWT performed indoors and outdoors and evaluate the following physiological variables: heart rate, blood pressure and the subjective sensation of shortness of breath, using the Borg perceived exertion scale. Materials and methods: A prospective, randomized, clinical trial was conducted involving eight healthy females not engaged in regular physical activity, with mean age 23.75 ± 1.67 years. Each subject performed the 6MWT indoors and outdoors with a 30-minute interval between tests. The order of the tests was determined randomly. Results: The mean distance traveled was 578 ± 50.07 m on the outdoor trial and 579.95 ± 45.35 m on the indoor trial (p = 0.932). The mean physiological variables were 82.25 ± 11.02 bpm (indoors) versus 84.38 ± 9.42 bpm (outdoors) for heart rate, 121.88 ± 10.28 mmHg (indoors) versus 118.75 ± 19.40 mmHg (outdoors) for systolic blood pressure, 81.88 ± 9.74 mmHg (indoors) versus 80.50 ± 7.89 mmHg (outdoors) for diastolic blood pressure and a mean score of 12 on the perceived exertion score in both environments. Conclusions: The present data demonstrate no differences in the distance walked on the 6MWT or the physiologic variables of participants between the indoor and outdoor trials

Efeito do balanço cátion-aniônico da dieta no equilíbrio ácido-básico e metabolismo de minerais em vacas lactantes da raça Holandesa em ambiente quente - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v26i1.1955

The objective was to evaluate the response of lactating dairy cows to dietary Na, K, and Cl while holding cation-anion balance constant. Nine lactating Holstein cows, blocked according to age and previous milk yiel, wen assigned randomly to replicated 3x3 Latin esquares with experimental period of 3 week. Diets contained corn silage and concentrate ration in a 50:50 rate (DM basis) and were formulated to provide + 32 mEq of (Na + K) - Cl/100g diet DM via one of three variations: 1) control diet plus 1.57% of KCl in DM basis, 2) control diet plus 1.22% of NaCl in DM basis, 3) control diet. Samples of blood and of urine were collected four hours after feeding of the morning, in the last day of each experimental period for analysis of mineral Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl and of Creatinin, and of the gasometria of the blood. The blood and urine pH did not suffer effect of the treatments. Any effect in the acid-basic balance and in the metabolism of the minerals in the blood and in the urine it was observed, showing that the animals did not answer to the supply of a balance dietary cation-anion of +32 mEq/100g of DM in the diet.Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do balanço cátion-aniônico da dieta (BCAD) nas respostas do estado ácido-básico sistêmico e nas concentrações plasmáticas e urinárias de minerais (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl) e Creatinina em vacas da raça Holandesa, durante a época do verão. Nove vacas lactantes foram utilizadas de acordo com a idade e a produção de leite, distribuídas em um modelo de quadrado latino 3x3. As dietas continham silagem de milho e ração concentrada na razão de 1:1 (base na MS), sendo formuladas para fornecer +32 mEq de [(Na + K) - Cl)]/100g de MS da dieta, em 3 tratamentos: 1) dieta controle + 1,57% de KCl da MS fornecida; 2) dieta controle + 1,22% de NaCl da MS fornecida; 3) dieta controle. Amostras de sangue e de urina foram coletadas quatro horas após a alimentação da manhã do último dia de cada período experimental, para análise dos minerais Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl e da Creatinina, além da gasometria do sangue. O pH do sangue e da urina não sofreu efeito dos tratamentos. Nenhum efeito no equilíbrio ácido-básico e no metabolismo dos minerais no sangue e na urina foi observado, mostrando que os animais não responderam ao fornecimento de um balanço cátion-aniônico dietético de +32 mEq/100g de MS na dieta, acrescida ou não de KCl ou NaCl

Qualidade do leite e detecção de mastite subclínica através da contagem de células somáticas Milk quality and subclinical mastitis detection through somatic cells counting

A contagem das células somáticas (CCS) é uma ferramenta para detectar infecção subclínica e auxiliar na avaliação da qualidade do leite. Objetivou-se avaliar o grau de mastite subclínica do rebanho leiteiro da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM) através de 306 dados coletados do controle leiteiro, no período de 1993 a 1996, realizado pela Associação Paranaense dos Criadores de Bovinos da Raça Holandesa (APCBRH), de 35 vacas em 5 ordens de parto (OP). O resultado da CCS para a 1^ª OP foi o menor (P < 0,05), enquanto que os resultados para a 5^ª OP foram os maiores. O elevado valor da CCS sugere que a qualidade do leite produzido poderia estar afetada e que algumas vacas do rebanho podem estar com mastite subclínica, devendo ser realizados os testes de mastite, “Wisconsin Mastitis Test” (WMT) ou “California Mastitis Test” (CMT), para a confirmação da infecção.<br>The somatic cells counting (SCC) is a tool to detect sub clinical and assistant infection in the evaluation of milk quality. The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the degree of the sub clinical mastitis of the dairy herd at Universidade Estadual de Maringa by controlling the milk of 306 data, carried out by the Associação Paranaense dos Criadores de Bovinos da Raça Holandesa. The data was collected from 35 cows in 5 calving orders (CO), from 1993 to 1996. The result of SCC for the first CO was the smallest (P < 0.05), while the results for the 5th CO were the largest. The high value of SCC suggests that the quality of the milk produced could be affected and that some cows of the herd can be with sub clinical mastitis, and thus, Some tests should be accomplished to confirm the infection: the mastitis tests, Wisconsin Mastitis Test (WMT) or the California Mastitis Test (CMT)

Evaluation of the best environment for the six-minute walk test

AbstractIntroduction The purpose of the six-minute walk test (6MWT) is to evaluate cardiopulmonary capacity using a low-cost test that is easy to administer, generally well tolerated by different populations and reflects one’s performance on activities of daily living. However, few studies have been conducted to determine the difference between performing the 6MWT indoors and outdoors.Objective The aim of the present study was to compare the distance covered on the 6MWT performed indoors and outdoors and evaluate the following physiological variables: heart rate, blood pressure and the subjective sensation of shortness of breath, using the Borg perceived exertion scale.Materials and methods A prospective, randomized, clinical trial was conducted involving eight healthy females not engaged in regular physical activity, with mean age 23.75 ± 1.67 years. Each subject performed the 6MWT indoors and outdoors with a 30-minute interval between tests. The order of the tests was determined randomly.Results The mean distance traveled was 578 ± 50.07 m on the outdoor trial and 579.95 ± 45.35 m on the indoor trial (p = 0.932). The mean physiological variables were 82.25 ± 11.02 bpm (indoors) versus 84.38 ± 9.42 bpm (outdoors) for heart rate, 121.88 ± 10.28 mmHg (indoors)versus 118.75 ± 19.40 mmHg (outdoors) for systolic blood pressure, 81.88 ± 9.74 mmHg (indoors) versus 80.50 ± 7.89 mmHg (outdoors) for diastolic blood pressure and a mean score of 12 on the perceived exertion score in both environments.Conclusions The present data demonstrate no differences in the distance walked on the 6MWT or the physiologic variables of participants between the indoor and outdoor trials