Demonstration of a Transportable 1 Hz-Linewidth Laser

We present the setup and test of a transportable clock laser at 698 nm for a strontium lattice clock. A master-slave diode laser system is stabilized to a rigidly mounted optical reference cavity. The setup was transported by truck over 400 km from Braunschweig to D\"usseldorf, where the cavity-stabilized laser was compared to a stationary clock laser for the interrogation of ytterbium (578 nm). Only minor realignments were necessary after the transport. The lasers were compared by a Ti:Sapphire frequency comb used as a transfer oscillator. The thus generated virtual beat showed a combined linewidth below 1 Hz (at 1156 nm). The transport back to Braunschweig did not degrade the laser performance, as was shown by interrogating the strontium clock transition.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figure

Optical Clocks in Space

The performance of optical clocks has strongly progressed in recent years, and accuracies and instabilities of 1 part in 10^18 are expected in the near future. The operation of optical clocks in space provides new scientific and technological opportunities. In particular, an earth-orbiting satellite containing an ensemble of optical clocks would allow a precision measurement of the gravitational redshift, navigation with improved precision, mapping of the earth's gravitational potential by relativistic geodesy, and comparisons between ground clocks.Comment: Proc. III International Conference on Particle and Fundamental Physics in Space (SpacePart06), Beijing 19 - 21 April 2006, to appear in Nucl. Phys.

A New Option for a Search for Alpha Variation: Narrow Transitions with Enhanced Sensitivity

We consider several transitions between narrow lines that have an enhanced sensitivity to a possible variation of the fine structure constant, alpha. This enhancement may allow a search to be performed with an effective suppression of the systematic sources of uncertainty that are unavoidable in conventional high-resolution spectroscopic measurements. In the future this may provide the strongest laboratory constraints on alpha variation

The Space Optical Clocks Project: Development of high-performance transportable and breadboard optical clocks and advanced subsystems

The use of ultra-precise optical clocks in space ("master clocks") will allow for a range of new applications in the fields of fundamental physics (tests of Einstein's theory of General Relativity, time and frequency metrology by means of the comparison of distant terrestrial clocks), geophysics (mapping of the gravitational potential of Earth), and astronomy (providing local oscillators for radio ranging and interferometry in space). Within the ELIPS-3 program of ESA, the "Space Optical Clocks" (SOC) project aims to install and to operate an optical lattice clock on the ISS towards the end of this decade, as a natural follow-on to the ACES mission, improving its performance by at least one order of magnitude. The payload is planned to include an optical lattice clock, as well as a frequency comb, a microwave link, and an optical link for comparisons of the ISS clock with ground clocks located in several countries and continents. Undertaking a necessary step towards optical clocks in space, the EU-FP7-SPACE-2010-1 project no. 263500 (SOC2) (2011-2015) aims at two "engineering confidence", accurate transportable lattice optical clock demonstrators having relative frequency instability below 1\times10^-15 at 1 s integration time and relative inaccuracy below 5\times10^-17. This goal performance is about 2 and 1 orders better in instability and inaccuracy, respectively, than today's best transportable clocks. The devices will be based on trapped neutral ytterbium and strontium atoms. One device will be a breadboard. The two systems will be validated in laboratory environments and their performance will be established by comparison with laboratory optical clocks and primary frequency standards. In this paper we present the project and the results achieved during the first year.Comment: Contribution to European Frequency and Time Forum 2012, Gothenburg, Swede

Ultra-precise measurement of optical frequency ratios

We developed a novel technique for frequency measurement and synthesis, based on the operation of a femtosecond comb generator as transfer oscillator. The technique can be used to measure frequency ratios of any optical signals throughout the visible and near-infrared part of the spectrum. Relative uncertainties of $10^{-18}$ for averaging times of 100 s are possible. Using a Nd:YAG laser in combination with a nonlinear crystal we measured the frequency ratio of the second harmonic $\nu_{SH}$ at 532 nm to the fundamental $\nu_0$ at 1064 nm, $\nu_{SH}/\nu_0 = 2.000 000 000 000 000 001 \times (1 \pm 7 \times 10^{-19})$.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Absolute frequency measurement of the In+^{+} clock transition with a mode-locked laser

The absolute frequency of the In$^{+}$ $5s^{2 1}S_{0}$ - $5s5p^{3}P_{0}$ clock transition at 237 nm was measured with an accuracy of 1.8 parts in $10^{13}$. Using a phase-coherent frequency chain, we compared the $^{1}S_{0}$ - $^{3}P_{0}$ transition with a methane-stabilized He-Ne laser at 3.39 $\mu$m which was calibrated against an atomic cesium fountain clock. A frequency gap of 37 THz at the fourth harmonic of the He-Ne standard was bridged by a frequency comb generated by a mode-locked femtosecond laser. The frequency of the In$^{+}$ clock transition was found to be $1 267 402 452 899.92 (0.23)$ kHz, the accuracy being limited by the uncertainty of the He-Ne laser reference. This represents an improvement in accuracy of more than 2 orders of magnitude on previous measurements of the line and now stands as the most accurate measurement of an optical transition in a single ion.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures. accepted for publication in Opt. Let

Уровень антропогенного воздействия на экосистемы как функция свойств растительных сообществ.

The approach of estimation of a level of anthropogenic impact on ecosystems as a function of properties of plant associations has been proposed. In the course of investigation it was established that it is possible to estimate the growth degree of anthropogenic impact on ecosystem by: the increase part of a ruderal vegetation in common composition of plant associations; the increase amount of a ruderal vegetation growing on one square meter of soil surface (thickness of sowing); the increase of lead and cadmium content in above ground part of the plants. The sufficiently high ability of lead extraction from soil by such plants-accumulators as great nettle and meadow fescue has been establishedПреложен подход к оценке уровня антропогенного воздействия на экосистемы в качестве функции свойств растительных сообществ. В ходе исследования установлено, что об увеличении степени антропогенного воздействия на экосистему можно судить по: увеличению доли рудеральных видов растений в общем составе растительного сообщества; увеличению количества рудеральных растений, произрастаю-щих на одном квадратном метре поверхности (густота стояния); увеличению содержания свинца и кадмия в наземной части растений. Установлена достаточно высокая способность извлечения свинца из почвы такими растениями-аккумуляторами, как крапива двудомная и овсяница луговая

Применение янтарной кислоты в процессе фитоэкстракции свинца и кадмия из загрязненных почв

Succinic acid influence on migration properties of lead and cadmium in soil-plant system has been investigated. It has been shown that the addition the activator (succinic acid) into soil increases the efficiency of phytoextraction of lead and cadmium. The optimum conditions of succinic acid usage as the process activator have been established.В работе изучено влияние янтарной кислоты на миграционные свойства свинца и кадмия в системе «почва-рстения». Установлено, что внесение в почву активатора - янтарной кислоты повышает эффективность процесса фитоэкстракции свинца и кадмия. Установлены оптимальные условия применения янтарной кислоты в качестве активатора процесса