Estratégias de manejo ambiental para o controle de pragas na cultura do morangueiro

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is produced mainly in the south of Minas Gerais and adjacent areas of São Paulo state, being susceptible to many pests, such as Tetranychus urticae (Koch, Tetranychidae) and Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931). Recent studies with Metarhizium humberi Luz et al. (Hypocreales: Claviccipitaceae) (ESALQ 1638) have indicated this species as a promising fungus for pest control. Mulching is an important practice in strawberry cultivation. Many growers use polyethylene as mulching, but this is expensive and non-biodegradable, making it necessary to look for organic materials, as done in other parts of the world. The objectives of this work were to evaluate: a) the population dynamics of drosophilids in strawberry; b) the predation, oviposition and survival potential of Gamasina mites when offered different stages of D. suzukii as prey; c) the effect of inoculation, via irrigation system, of M. humberi in strawberry crop; d) the composition of the mite fauna and the variation in their density in coffee husk and pulp and in forest fragments in southern Minas Gerais; e) the effect of using coffee husk and pulp on strawberry microclimate, on the quality of the pseudofruits and on the ability of edaphic Gamasina, which climb the strawberry plants at night, to prey on T. urticae; f) the diversity and prevalence of mites in cereal straw subjected to different periods of exposure in strawberry crops in Norway, evaluating overnight movement from edaphic habitat to leaflets. The results showed that D. suzukii and Zaprionus indianus Gupta are presently found in southern Minas Gerais on strawberry, but that they do not seem to cause significant losses to local growers. Some of the predators were able to attack and oviposit when fed with D. suzukii. Metarhizium humberi was recovered from samples of planting substrate, roots, petioles and leaflets of inoculated plants. In some months, the inoculated plants had a statistically lower mean number of the thrips/flower, of the two-spotted spider mite/leaflet and black flower/plant, while there was a higher mean number of Phytoseiidae/leaflet. Predatory mites are found in higher numbers in coffee husk and pulp acquired at the beginning of the year. Maintenance of coffee husk and pulp on the forest fragment floor before using as mulching promoted the incorporation of the edaphic predatory mites in the strawberry field, maintained a microclimate close to the strawberry plants favorable to the development of predatory mites and harmful to the two-spotted spider mites and result in the production of heavier and sweeter strawberries. Edaphic predatory mites may move to strawberry plants at nighttime in Brazil and in Norway. At least three of the evaluated edaphic predator were able to attack and oviposit when offered T. urticae eggs as prey. The study showed that the use of coffee husk and pulp as mulching and the application of M. humberi on strawberry plants can improve strawberry production.O morango (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) é produzido principalmente no sul de Minas Gerais e áreas adjacentes de São Paulo, sendo suscetível a muitas pragas, como por exemplo, a Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931). Estudos recentes com o fungo Metarhizium humberi Luz et al. (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) (ESALQ 1638) têm indicado esta espécie como fungo promissor para o controle de pragas. A cobertura de solo é uma prática importante no cultivo do morango. Muitos produtores utilizam polietileno como mulching, porém este é caro e não biodegradável, sendo necessário buscar materiais orgânicos, como feito em outras partes do mundo. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram avaliar: a) a dinâmica populacional de drosofilídeos em morangueiro; b) o potencial de predação, oviposição e sobrevivência de ácaros Gamasina quando oferecidos diferentes estágios de D. suzukii como presa; c) o efeito da inoculação, via sistema de irrigação, do M. humberi na cultura do morangueiro; d) a composição da fauna de ácaros e a variação da densidade destes na palhada de café e em fragmentos florestais no sul de Minas Gerias; e) o efeito do uso de palhada de café no microclima do morangueiro, na qualidade dos pseudofrutos e a habilidade de Gamasina edáficos, que sobe nas plantas de morango à noite, em predar Tetranychus urticae (Koch, Tetranychidae); f) diversidade e prevalência de ácaros em palha de cereal submetida a diferentes períodos de exposição no cultivo morangueiro, na Noruega, avaliando a movimentação durante a noite do habitat edáfico para os folíolos. Os resultados mostraram que D. suzukii e Zaprionus indianus Gupta foram encontrados no sul de Minas Gerais em morango, mas não parecem causar perdas significativas aos produtores locais. Alguns dos predadores apresentam capacidade de predar e ovipositar em D. suzukii. Metarhizium humberi foi recuperado em amostras de substrato de plantio, raiz, pecíolo e folíolo de plantas inoculadas. Em alguns dos meses, as plantas inoculadas apresentaram número médio estatisticamente inferior: de tripes/flor, do ácaro-rajado/folíolos e flor-preta/planta, enquanto houve maior número médio de Phytoseiidae/folíolos. Ácaros predadores foram encontrados em números maiores na palhada de café adquirida no início do ano. A manutenção da palhada de café no solo do fragmento florestal antes do uso como mulching promove a incorporação dos ácaros predadores edáficos na lavoura de morangueiro, mantém um microclima próximo às plantas favorável ao desenvolvimento de ácaros predadores e prejudicial ao ácaro-rajado, além de produzir pseudofrutos mais pesados e mais doces. Ácaros predadores edáficos podem mover-se para plantas de morango à noite no Brasil e na Noruega. Pelo menos três dos predadores edáficos avaliados foram capazes de predar e ovipositar quando oferecidos ovos de T. urticae como presa. O estudo mostrou que o uso da palha de café como mulching e a aplicação de M. humberi em plantas de morango podem melhorar a produção de morango

Integrade pest management in culture of strawberry in southern of Minas Gerais

O sul de Minas Gerais é a principal região produtora de morangos (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) no Brasil. O ácaro-rajado, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), é considerado uma das principais pragas do morangueiro no Brasil e em vários países. Uma prática importante na cultura do morango refere-se à cobertura de solo, usualmente realizada com filme de polietileno, porém além de ser caro gera resíduos muito persistentes no ambiente. Objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar a resistência de oito genótipos de morango (\'Albion\', \'IAC Guarani\', \'IAC Princesa Isabel\', \'Oso Grande\', IAC T-0104, IAC 12, IAC 4 e IAC 1.13) ao ácaro-rajado; determinar o efeito da cobertura de solo (com a polpa de café desidratada, conhecida como palha de café) nas pragas/ patógenos e ácaros predadores desta cultura; comparar a ocorrência de pragas, patógenos e inimigos naturais entre um cultivo orgânico e outro convencional de morango. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que \'IAC Princesa Isabel\', IAC T-0104 e IAC 12 são resistentes, IAC 1.13 e IAC 4 apresentam resistência moderada e \'IAC Guarani\', \'Oso Grande\' e \'Albion\' são suscetíveis ao ácaro-rajado. \'Oso Grande\' e \'Albion\' são bastante utilizadas pelos produtores do sul de Minas Gerais. O uso de palha de café aumentou o número de predadores edáficos, tanto no solo dos canteiros (campo) e em vasos (laboratório) como em folíolos de morangueiro. O Gamasina Proctolaelaps pygmaeus (Müller) (Melicharidae) foi visto sobre morangueiros, principalmente no período noturno. Maior número de ácaro-rajado e maior severidade de doenças foram observados em plantas cultivadas em solo coberto com polietileno. Além disso, foi maior o nível de infecção de ácaro-rajado pelo fungo Neozygites floridana (Weiser e Muma) em plantas cultivadas em solo coberto com palha de café. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre a produtividade da cultura em solo coberto com polietileno e em solo coberto com palha seca de café. Os resultados da comparação da ocorrência de ártropodes e patógenos entre sistema orgânico e convencional mostraram menor ocorrência de ácaro-rajado e predadores em cultivo de morangueiro convencional, porém ocorrência considerável de tripes, mosca-branca e mofo cinzento. A incidência de dendrofoma e mancha de pestalotia foi a mesma nos dois sistemas de cultivos. Os resultados sugerem a conveniência de se continuar o processo de desenvolvimento dos genótipos que se mostraram menos afetados pelo ácaro-rajado, para que estes possam no futuro ser utilizados pelos produtores, e a condução de estudos complementares, que avaliem o desempenho de cultivos em sistema orgânico que incorporem o uso da palha de café para a cobertura do solo.The southern of Minas Gerais is the main region producing strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) in Brazil. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is considered one of the main strawberry pests in Brazil and in several countries. An important practice in strawberry cultivation refers to soil cover, which is usually made with polyethylene film, but it is expensive and generates very persistent residues in the environment. The objective of this study was to compare the resistance of eight strawberry genotypes (\'Albion\', \'IAC Guarani\', \'IAC Princesa Isabel\', \'Oso Grande\', IAC T-0104, IAC 12, IAC 4 and IAC 1.13); to determine the effect of soil cover (with dehydrated coffee pulp, known as coffee straw) on the pests mites/ pathogens and predatory mites of this crop; to compare the occurrence of pests, pathogens and natural enemies between an organic and a conventional strawberry crop. The results indicated that \'IAC Princesa Isabel\', IAC T-0104 and IAC 12 are resistant, IAC 4 and IAC 1.13 are moderately resistant, and \'IAC Guarani\', \'Oso Grande\' and \'Albion\' are susceptible to the two-spotted spider mite. \'Oso Grande\' and \'Albion\' are widely used by producers in the southern of Minas Gerais. The use of coffee straw increased the number of edaphic predators, both in the soil beds (field) and in pots (laboratory) as well as in strawberry leaflets. The Gamasina Proctolaelaps pygmaeus (Müller) (Melicharidae) was seen on strawberry leaftlets, mainly in the nocturnal period. Higher numbers of the two-spotted spider mites and disease severity were observed in plants grown on soil covered with polyethylene. In addition, the level of the two-spotted spider mite infected by the fungi Neozygites floridana (Weiser and Muma) was higher in plants cultivated in soil covered with coffee straw. No significant difference was observed between yield in soil covered with polyethylene and in soil covered with dry coffee straw. The results of the comparison of the occurrence of arthropods and pathogens between the organic and conventional systems showed fewer occurrences of the two-spotted spider mites and predators in conventional strawberry cultivation, but considerable occurrence of thrips, whitefly and gray mold. The incidence of dendrophoma and leaf spots caused by pestalotia was the same in both cropping systems. The results suggest the convenience to continue the development process of the genotypes that were less affected by the two-spotted spider mite, which could be used in the future by producers, and the conduction of complementary studies to evaluate the performance of crops in organic system that incorporate the use of coffee straw as soil coverage

Apoio à maturidade pessoal visando a melhoria dos projetos de software

Estudos revelam que os resultados dos projetos de software ainda estão muito aquém do esperado. Devido a isso, organizações produtoras de software bem sucedidas têm adotado uma abordagem mais completa em relação aos processos de desenvolvimento. Nos últimos anos, além de gerenciarem seus projetos, tais organizações estão investindo em um processo para capacitação individual e monitoramento rigoroso dos recursos humanos, denominado Personal Software Process – PSP. Tal processo tem levado à maior disciplina e controle sobre todas as fases do desenvolvimento e, consequentemente, ao aumento da taxa de sucesso dos projetos. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta a integração das técnicas propostas no modelo PSP a um sistema web previamente desenvolvido, denominado Sistema de Apoio à Gerência de Projetos - SAGP. A avaliação dos resultados foi realizada por meio de uma análise comparativa da nova versão do SAGP em relação a outras ferramentas disponíveis no mercado. Além disso, o sistema foi avaliado por desenvolvedores de software, que constituem o seu público-alvo. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a integração realizada levou à obtenção de um sistema de qualidade capaz de facilitar o emprego do PSP e de gerar indicadores que auxiliam os gerentes de projetos em suas atividadesStudies show that the results of software projects are still much less than expected. Due to this, successful software-producing organizations have adopted a more complete approach towards development processes. Nowadays, besides managing their projects, such organizations are investing in a process of individual qualification and strict monitoring of team members called Personal Software Process - PSP. This process has led to maintenance of greater discipline and control throughout all development phases and, consequently, to the increase in the rate of successful projects. In this context, this work presents the integration of the techniques proposed in the PSP model with a previously developed web-based system, which is called System to Aid Project Management - SAPM. The evaluation of the results was carried out through comparative analysis of the new version of SAGP in relation to other tools commercially available. Furthermore, the system was evaluated by software developers, who are their target audience. The results indicate that the proposed integration led to obtaining of a system of quality able to facilitate the use of the PSP and generate indicators that aid project managers in their activitie

Cereal straw mulching in strawberry—A facilitator of plant visits by edaphic predatory mites at night?

In Norway, strawberry producers use cereal straw mulching to prevent berries from contacting the soil and to control weeds. We hypothesized that organic matter such as straw mulch also favors the maintenance of predatory mites which visit strawberry plants at nighttime. We compared mite diversity in cereal straw exposed for different periods in strawberry fields and evaluated their possible migration to plants in two experiments with potted plants in 2019. An ‘Early season’ experiment compared no mulching (T1), oat straw mulch exposed in field since 2018 (T2), or 2017 (T3), while a ‘Mid-season’ experiment compared no mulching (T1), barley straw mulch from 2018 (T2), or a mix from 2017 and 2018 (T3). To provide edaphic predatory mites with a potential source of food, all plants were infested with two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Results suggested that straw mulch facilitates the prevalence of predatory mites in strawberry fields. Most predatory mite visits were at night, confirming our initial hypothesis. Predominant nocturnal mites on leaves belonged to Melicharidae (Proctolaelaps sp.) (‘Early season’, T2), Blattisociidae (Lasioseius sp.) (‘Early and Mid-season’, T3) and Phytoseiidae (‘Mid-season’, T2). Parasitus consanguineus Oudemans & Voigts was the predominant species (‘Early season’, T3) at the base of plants. Anystidae were diurnal visitors only (‘Mid-season’, T2). Future studies should evaluate the predation potential of Proctolaelaps sp. and Lasioseius sp. on two-spotted spider mite and other strawberry pests.publishedVersio

Software architecture for web-based project management system

This article presents software architecture for a web-based system to aid project managing, conceptually founded on guidelines of the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK) and on ISO/IEC 9126, as well as on the result of an empiric study done in Brazil. Based on these guidelines, this study focused on two different points of view about project management: the view of those who develop software systems to aid management and the view of those who use these systems. The designed software architecture is capable of guiding an incremental development of a quality system that will satisfy today's marketing necessities, principally those of small and medium size enterprises

Does the ability of Blattisocius species to prey on mites and insects vary according to the relative length of the cheliceral digits?

Species of Blattisocius Keegan (Acari: Blattisociidae) are commonly found in storage facilities, seemingly feeding on mites or insects. Two species of this genus, Blattisocius keegani Fox and Blattisocius everti Britto, Lopes and Moraes, were recently found coexisting in a sample of a commercial dog food in southern Brazil. Although very similar, the species have rather different cheliceral structures, the first with the fixed digit distinctly shorter than the movable digit and the second with both digits of similar lengths. It was hypothesized that they coexisted because of their different feeding habits, the first assumed to perform better on insect prey and the second, on mite prey. A comparative study was conducted in the laboratory offering a mixture of all postembryonic stages of a mite and eggs of three insect species. B. everti had a better performance on the mite Thyreophagus sp. than B. keegani, but both species had about the same predation rate on Thyreophagus sp., and very low ovipositon rates on insects. The results corroborate the hypothesis of a better performance of Blattisocius with cheliceral digits of similar lengths (B. everti) on mite prey, but did not indicate that the possession of a short fixed digit is sufficient for the predator to feed on insect eggs.B. everti was shown to be able to develop and reproduce when offered Thyreophagus sp. as prey, with calculated R0 and rm of 16.95 and 0.13, respectively, at 25.0 ± 0.5°C, 80 ± 5 % of relative humidity and in the dark. The biotic potential of B. everti was comparable to what has been reported in previous work for other Blattisocius species offered acarid mites as prey

Mulching with coffee husk and pulp in strawberry affects edaphic predatory mite and spider mite densities

Mulching of soil beds of strawberry fields is usually done with polyethylene film in southern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. This material is relatively expensive and difficult to discard after use. In some countries, mulching is done with the use of organic material that could have an advantage over the use of plastic for its easier degradation after use, and for favoring edaphic beneficial organisms. Predatory mites (especially Gamasina, Mesostigmata) may be abundant in the soil and could conceivably move to the soil surface and onto the short-growing strawberry plants at night, helping in the control or pest arthropods. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is considered an important strawberry pest in that region, where the fungus Neozygites floridana (Weiser and Muma) has been found to infect it. Different mulching types could affect the incidence of this pathogen. Dehydrated coffee husk and pulp (DCHP) is a byproduct readily available in southern Minas Gerais, where could be used as organic mulching in strawberry beds. The temporary contact of that material with the soil of a patch of natural vegetation could facilitate its colonization by edaphic predatory mites helpful in the control of strawberry pests. The objective of this work was to study the effect of mulching type on the population dynamics of the two-spotted spider mite, associate mites and N. floridana, in a greenhouse and in the field. The use of DCHP increased the number of edaphic Gamasina on strawberry plants—Proctolaelaps pygmaeus (Müller) (Melicharidae) and Blattisocius dentriticus (Berlese) (Blattisociidae) were observed on strawberry leaflets, mainly in nocturnal samplings, indicating their possible daily migration from soil to plants. Lower levels of two-spotted spider mite occurred on plants from pots or soil beds mulched with DCHP instead of polyethylene film, possibly because of the slightly higher levels of mites of the family Phytoseiidae and infection by N. floridana. Adding DCHP onto the floor of natural vegetation did not result in higher diversity or levels of gamasine mites on DCHP. Complementary studies should be conducted to find ways to increase diversity and density of those organisms in strawberry beds, in an attempt to improve biological control of strawberry pests. The decision to use DCHP for mulching should also take into account other factors such as strawberry yield, costs and efficiency of weed management, to be evaluated in subsequent studies.acceptedVersio

Gestão de recursos humanos em projetos de software: proposta integrada ao processo pessoal

The software quality represents a more and more important attribute for the survival and growth of software industries. In order to ensure the quality of products manufactured, various practices have been incorporated into the development process. In this context, some successful software organizations have invested in an approach to human resource management, which consists in integrating the management activities with a personal process called Personal Software Process - PSP, which has led to the maintenance of greater discipline and control over all development phases. Given this, this work presents a proposal for integration of techniques set out in the PSP with a web system previously developed, which is called System to Aid Project Management - SAPM.A qualidade de software representa um atributo cada vez mais importante para a sobrevivência e crescimento das indústrias de software. Visando a garantia da qualidade dos produtos construídos, várias práticas têm sido incorporadas ao processo de desenvolvimento. Neste contexto, algumas organizações produtoras de software bem-sucedidas estão investindo em uma abordagem diferenciada para a gestão de recursos humanos, que consiste em integrar as atividades gerenciais a um processo pessoal de software denominado Personal Software Process - PSP, o qual tem levado a manutenção de maior disciplina e controle sobre todas as fases do desenvolvimento. Diante disso, este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para a integração das técnicas estabelecidas no PSP a um s

Cereal straw mulching in strawberry—A facilitator of plant visits by edaphic predatory mites at night?

In Norway, strawberry producers use cereal straw mulching to prevent berries from contacting the soil and to control weeds. We hypothesized that organic matter such as straw mulch also favors the maintenance of predatory mites which visit strawberry plants at nighttime. We compared mite diversity in cereal straw exposed for different periods in strawberry fields and evaluated their possible migration to plants in two experiments with potted plants in 2019. An ‘Early season’ experiment compared no mulching (T1), oat straw mulch exposed in field since 2018 (T2), or 2017 (T3), while a ‘Mid-season’ experiment compared no mulching (T1), barley straw mulch from 2018 (T2), or a mix from 2017 and 2018 (T3). To provide edaphic predatory mites with a potential source of food, all plants were infested with two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Results suggested that straw mulch facilitates the prevalence of predatory mites in strawberry fields. Most predatory mite visits were at night, confirming our initial hypothesis. Predominant nocturnal mites on leaves belonged to Melicharidae (Proctolaelaps sp.) (‘Early season’, T2), Blattisociidae (Lasioseius sp.) (‘Early and Mid-season’, T3) and Phytoseiidae (‘Mid-season’, T2). Parasitus consanguineus Oudemans & Voigts was the predominant species (‘Early season’, T3) at the base of plants. Anystidae were diurnal visitors only (‘Mid-season’, T2). Future studies should evaluate the predation potential of Proctolaelaps sp. and Lasioseius sp. on two-spotted spider mite and other strawberry pests