Chapter 19. The second stage of PACTE Group\u2019s research

Since PACTE Group was formed in 1997, its aim has been to research the acquisition of TC. Since no empirically validated model of TC was available at the time, the group had first to propose a TC model and validate it empirically before looking into the Acquisition of TC (ATC). The results of the first part of PACTE\u2019s research (the proposal and validation of a TC model) are presented in the foregoing chapters of this book. Having validated its TC model, PACTE\u2019s research into ATC began in January 2010. In 2011, a total of 130 first- to fourth-year translator trainees and recent graduates from the Translation and Interpreting degree course at the Universitat Aut\uf2noma de Barcelona participated in an experiment. Data analysis of the results of the experiment is almost complete at the time of writing (PACTE 2014, 2015, submitted a, b)

First Results of PACTE Group's Experimental Research on Translation Competence Acquisition: The Acquisition of Declarative Knowledge of Translation

This paper presents the first results of empirical-experimental research into the Acqui-sition of Translation Competence (ATC): the acquisition of declarative knowledge about translation. This study is based on our previous research about Translation Competence (TC). Some of the data collection instruments have, however, been adap-ted for current use. Details of our research design include type of study, universe and sample population, study variables, data collection instruments, and data analysis processes. The dependent variables were knowledge of translation; translation pro-ject; identification and solution of translation problems; decision-making; efficacy of the translation process; and use of instrumental resources. The results of the first variable analysed (\u201cKnowledge of Translation\u201d) will be presented. A questionnaire with 27 items was used to obtain data on translator train-ees\u2019 knowledge of translation: their concept of translation and TC; translation units; types of translation problems; the different phases involved in the translation process; methods required; procedures used (strategies and techniques); and the role of the translation brief and the target reader. Indicators of this variable were \u2018dynamic index\u2019 and \u2018coefficient of coherence\u2019. We understand a \u2018dynamic\u2019 concept of translation to be textual, interpretative, communicative and functional; as opposed to a \u2018static\u2019 con-cept that may be defined as linguistic and literal. The dynamic index allows us to see whether a subject\u2019s implicit knowledge about how translation works is more dynamic or more static, whereas the coherence coefficient allows us to see whether the subject\u2019s vision of different aspects of translation is coherent

Erratum to: Genomic innovations, transcriptional plasticity and gene loss underlying the evolution and divergence of two highly polyphagous and invasive Helicoverpa pest species

Background: Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea are major caterpillar pests of Old and New World agriculture, respectively. Both, particularly H. armigera, are extremely polyphagous, and H. armigera has developed resistance to many insecticides. Here we use comparative genomics, transcriptomics and resequencing to elucidate the genetic basis for their properties as pests. Results: We find that, prior to their divergence about 1.5 Mya, the H. armigera/H. zea lineage had accumulated up to more than 100 more members of specific detoxification and digestion gene families and more than 100 extra gustatory receptor genes, compared to other lepidopterans with narrower host ranges. The two genomes remain very similar in gene content and order, but H. armigera is more polymorphic overall, and H. zea has lost several detoxification genes, as well as about 50 gustatory receptor genes. It also lacks certain genes and alleles conferring insecticide resistance found in H. armigera. Non-synonymous sites in the expanded gene families above are rapidly diverging, both between paralogues and between orthologues in the two species. Whole genome transcriptomic analyses of H. armigera larvae show widely divergent responses to different host plants, including responses among many of the duplicated detoxification and digestion genes. Conclusions: The extreme polyphagy of the two heliothines is associated with extensive amplification and neofunctionalisation of genes involved in host finding and use, coupled with versatile transcriptional responses on different hosts. H. armigera's invasion of the Americas in recent years means that hybridisation could generate populations that are both locally adapted and insecticide resistant