14,292 research outputs found
On the intersection of free subgroups in free products of groups
Let (G_i | i in I) be a family of groups, let F be a free group, and let G =
F *(*I G_i), the free product of F and all the G_i. Let FF denote the set of
all finitely generated subgroups H of G which have the property that, for each
g in G and each i in I, H \cap G_i^{g} = {1}. By the Kurosh Subgroup Theorem,
every element of FF is a free group. For each free group H, the reduced rank of
H is defined as r(H) = max{rank(H) -1, 0} in \naturals \cup {\infty} \subseteq
[0,\infty]. To avoid the vacuous case, we make the additional assumption that
FF contains a non-cyclic group, and we define sigma := sup{r(H\cap
K)/(r(H)r(K)) : H, K in FF and r(H)r(K) \ne 0}, sigma in [1,\infty]. We are
interested in precise bounds for sigma. In the special case where I is empty,
Hanna Neumann proved that sigma in [1,2], and conjectured that sigma = 1;
almost fifty years later, this interval has not been reduced. With the
understanding that \infty/(\infty -2) = 1, we define theta := max{|L|/(|L|-2) :
L is a subgroup of G and |L| > 2}, theta in [1,3]. Generalizing Hanna Neumann's
theorem, we prove that sigma in [theta, 2 theta], and, moreover, sigma = 2
theta if G has 2-torsion. Since sigma is finite, FF is closed under finite
intersections. Generalizing Hanna Neumann's conjecture, we conjecture that
sigma = theta whenever G does not have 2-torsion.Comment: 28 pages, no figure
Proof of the Standard Quantum Limit for Monitoring Free-Mass Position
The measurement result of the moved distance for a free mass m during the
time t between two position measurements cannot be predicted with uncertainty
smaller than sqrt{hbar t/2m}. This is formulated as a standard quantum limit
(SQL) and it has been proven to always hold for the following position
measurement: a probe is set in a prescribed position before the measurement.
Just after the interaction of the mass with the probe, the probe position is
measured, and using this value, the measurement results of the pre-measurement
and post-measurement positions are estimated.Comment: 4 pages, no figur
The Lueders Postulate and the Distinguishability of Observables
The Lueders postulate is reviewed and implications for the distinguishability
of observables are discussed. As an example the distinguishability of two
similar observables for spin-1/2 particles is described. Implementation issues
are briefly analyzed.Comment: Submitted to the proceedings of ICFNCS, Hong Kong, 200
Properties of the first excited state of 9Be derived from (gamma,n) and (e,e') reactions
Properties of the first excited state of the nucleus 9Be are discussed based
on recent (e,e') and (gamma,n) experiments. The parameters of an R-matrix
analysis of different data sets are consistent with a resonance rather than a
virtual state predicted by some model calculations. The energy and the width of
the resonance are deduced. Their values are rather similar for all data sets,
and the energy proves to be negative. It is argued that the disagreement
between the extracted B(E1) values may stem from different ways of integration
of the resonance. If corrected, fair agreement between the (e,e') and one of
the (gamma,n) data sets is found. A recent (gamma,n) experiment at the HIgS
facility exhibits larger cross sections close to the neutron threshold which
remain to be explained.Comment: 5 pages, accepted fro publication in Phys. Rev.
Quantum Control Landscapes
Numerous lines of experimental, numerical and analytical evidence indicate
that it is surprisingly easy to locate optimal controls steering quantum
dynamical systems to desired objectives. This has enabled the control of
complex quantum systems despite the expense of solving the Schrodinger equation
in simulations and the complicating effects of environmental decoherence in the
laboratory. Recent work indicates that this simplicity originates in universal
properties of the solution sets to quantum control problems that are
fundamentally different from their classical counterparts. Here, we review
studies that aim to systematically characterize these properties, enabling the
classification of quantum control mechanisms and the design of globally
efficient quantum control algorithms.Comment: 45 pages, 15 figures; International Reviews in Physical Chemistry,
Vol. 26, Iss. 4, pp. 671-735 (2007
Generation of pulse trains by current-controlled magnetic mirrors
The evolution of a spin-wave packet trapped between two direct
current-carrying wires placed on the surface of a ferrite film is observed by
Brillouin light scattering. The wires act as semi-transparent mirrors confining
the packet. Because the spin-wave energy partially passes through these
mirrors, trains of spin-wave packets are generated outside the trap. A
numerical model of this process is presented and applied to the case when the
current in the wires is dynamically controlled. This dynamical control of the
mirror reflectivity provides new functionalities interesting for the field of
spin-wave logic like that of a spin-wave memory cell.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
The Dynamics of Relief Spending and the Private Urban Labor Market During the New Deal
During the New Deal the Roosevelt Administration dramatically expanded relief spending to combat extraordinarily high rates of unemployment. We examine the dynamic relationships between relief spending and local private labor markets using a new panel data set of monthly relief, private employment and private earnings for major U.S. cities in the 1930s. Impulse response functions derived from a panel VAR model that controls for time and city fixed effects show that a work relief shock in period t-1 led to a decline in private employment and a rise in private monthly earnings. The finding offers evidence consistent with contemporary employers' complaints that work relief made it more difficult to hire, even though work relief officials followed their stated policies to avoid affecting private labor markets directly. Meanwhile, negative shocks to private employment led to increases in work relief, consistent with Roosevelt's stated goal of using relief to promote relief and recovery.
Reduction of Effective Terahertz Focal Spot Size By Means Of Nested Concentric Parabolic Reflectors
An ongoing limitation of terahertz spectroscopy is that the technique is
generally limited to the study of relatively large samples of order 4 mm across
due to the generally large size of the focal beam spot. We present a nested
concentric parabolic reflector design which can reduce the terahertz focal spot
size. This parabolic reflector design takes advantage of the feature that
reflected rays experience a relative time delay which is the same for all
paths. The increase in effective optical path for reflected light is equivalent
to the aperture diameter itself. We have shown that the light throughput of an
aperture of 2 mm can be increased by a factor 15 as compared to a regular
aperture of the same size at low frequencies. This technique can potentially be
used to reduce the focal spot size in terahertz spectroscopy and enable the
study of smaller samples
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