20,898 research outputs found
Quasi-isometric classification of non-geometric 3-manifold groups
We describe the quasi-isometric classification of fundamental groups of
irreducible non-geometric 3-manifolds which do not have "too many" arithmetic
hyperbolic geometric components, thus completing the quasi-isometric
classification of 3--manifold groups in all but a few exceptional cases.Comment: Minor revision (added footnote in the Introduction
The Right Mutation Strength for Multi-Valued Decision Variables
The most common representation in evolutionary computation are bit strings.
This is ideal to model binary decision variables, but less useful for variables
taking more values. With very little theoretical work existing on how to use
evolutionary algorithms for such optimization problems, we study the run time
of simple evolutionary algorithms on some OneMax-like functions defined over
. More precisely, we regard a variety of
problem classes requesting the component-wise minimization of the distance to
an unknown target vector . For such problems we see a crucial
difference in how we extend the standard-bit mutation operator to these
multi-valued domains. While it is natural to select each position of the
solution vector to be changed independently with probability , there are
various ways to then change such a position. If we change each selected
position to a random value different from the original one, we obtain an
expected run time of . If we change each selected position
by either or (random choice), the optimization time reduces to
. If we use a random mutation strength with probability inversely proportional to and change
the selected position by either or (random choice), then the
optimization time becomes , bringing down
the dependence on from linear to polylogarithmic. One of our results
depends on a new variant of the lower bounding multiplicative drift theorem.Comment: an extended abstract of this work is to appear at GECCO 201
Properties of the first excited state of 9Be derived from (gamma,n) and (e,e') reactions
Properties of the first excited state of the nucleus 9Be are discussed based
on recent (e,e') and (gamma,n) experiments. The parameters of an R-matrix
analysis of different data sets are consistent with a resonance rather than a
virtual state predicted by some model calculations. The energy and the width of
the resonance are deduced. Their values are rather similar for all data sets,
and the energy proves to be negative. It is argued that the disagreement
between the extracted B(E1) values may stem from different ways of integration
of the resonance. If corrected, fair agreement between the (e,e') and one of
the (gamma,n) data sets is found. A recent (gamma,n) experiment at the HIgS
facility exhibits larger cross sections close to the neutron threshold which
remain to be explained.Comment: 5 pages, accepted fro publication in Phys. Rev.
Bubble statistics and coarsening dynamics for quasi-two dimensional foams with increasing liquid content
We report on the statistics of bubble size, topology, and shape and on their
role in the coarsening dynamics for foams consisting of bubbles compressed
between two parallel plates. The design of the sample cell permits control of
the liquid content, through a constant pressure condition set by the height of
the foam above a liquid reservoir. We find that in the scaling state, all
bubble distributions are independent not only of time but also of liquid
content. For coarsening, the average rate decreases with liquid content due to
the blocking of gas diffusion by Plateau borders inflated with liquid. By
observing the growth rate of individual bubbles, we find that von Neumann's law
becomes progressively violated with increasing wetness and with decreasing
bubble size. We successfully model this behavior by explicitly incorporating
the border blocking effect into the von Neumann argument. Two dimensionless
bubble shape parameters naturally arise, one of which is primarily responsible
for the violation of von Neumann's law for foams that are not perfectly dry
Differential Interleukin-2 Transcription Kinetics Render Mouse but Not Human T Cells Vulnerable to Splicing Inhibition Early after Activation
T cells are nodal players in the adaptive immune response against pathogens and malignant cells. Alternative splicing plays a crucial role in T cell activation, which is analyzed mainly at later time points upon stimulation. Here we have discovered a 2-h time window early after stimulation where optimal splicing efficiency or, more generally, gene expression efficiency is crucial for successful T cell activation. Reducing the splicing efficiency at 4 to 6âh poststimulation significantly impaired murine T cell activation, which was dependent on the expression dynamics of the Egr1-Nab2-interleukin-2 (IL-2) pathway. This time window overlaps the time of peak IL-2 de novo transcription, which, we suggest, represents a permissive time window in which decreased splicing (or transcription) efficiency reduces mature IL-2 production, thereby hampering murine T cell activation. Notably, the distinct expression kinetics of the Egr1-Nab2-IL-2 pathway between mouse and human render human T cells refractory to this vulnerability. We propose that the rational temporal modulation of splicing or transcription during peak de novo expression of key effectors can be used to fine-tune stimulation-dependent biological outcomes. Our data also show that critical consideration is required when extrapolating mouse data to the human system in basic and translational research
Multiple Scales in the Fine Structure of the Isoscalar Giant Quadrupole Resonance in ^{208}Pb
The fine structure of the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance in ^{208}Pb,
observed in high-resolution (p,p') and (e,e') experiments, is studied using the
entropy index method. In a novel way, it enables to determine the number of
scales present in the spectra and their magnitude. We find intermediate scales
of fluctuations around 1.1 MeV, 460 keV and 125 keV for an excitation energy
region 0 - 12 MeV. A comparison with scales extracted from second RPA
calculations, which are in good agreement with experiment, shows that they
arise from the internal mixing of collective motion with two particle-two hole
components of the nuclear wavefunction.Comment: 14 pages including 6 figures (to be published in Phys. Lett. B
3C 295, a cluster and its cooling flow at z=0.46
We present ROSAT HRI data of the distant and X-ray luminous (L_x(bol)=2.6^
{+0.4}_{-0.2} 10^{45}erg/sec) cluster of galaxies 3C 295. We fit both a
one-dimensional and a two-dimensional isothermal beta-model to the data, the
latter one taking into account the effects of the point spread function (PSF).
For the error analysis of the parameters of the two-dimensional model we
introduce a Monte-Carlo technique. Applying a substructure analysis, by
subtracting a cluster model from the data, we find no evidence for a merger,
but we see a decrement in emission South-East of the center of the cluster,
which might be due to absorption. We confirm previous results by Henry &
Henriksen(1986) that 3C 295 hosts a cooling flow. The equations for the simple
and idealized cooling flow analysis presented here are solely based on the
isothermal beta-model, which fits the data very well, including the center of
the cluster. We determine a cooling flow radius of 60-120kpc and mass accretion
rates of dot{M}=400-900 Msun/y, depending on the applied model and temperature
profile. We also investigate the effects of the ROSAT PSF on our estimate of
dot{M}, which tends to lead to a small overestimate of this quantity if not
taken into account. This increase of dot{M} (10-25%) can be explained by a
shallower gravitational potential inferred by the broader overall profile
caused by the PSF, which diminishes the efficiency of mass accretion. We also
determine the total mass of the cluster using the hydrostatic approach. At a
radius of 2.1 Mpc, we estimate the total mass of the cluster (M{tot}) to be
(9.2 +/- 2.7) 10^{14}Msun. For the gas to total mass ratio we get M{gas}/M{tot}
=0.17-0.31, in very good agreement with the results for other clusters of
galaxies, giving strong evidence for a low density universe.Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Coarsening of Two Dimensional Foam on a Dome
In this paper we report on bubble growth rates and on the statistics of
bubble topology for the coarsening of a dry foam contained in the narrow gap
between two hemispheres. By contrast with coarsening in flat space, where
six-sided bubbles neither grow nor shrink, we observe that six sided bubbles
grow with time at a rate that depends on their size. This result agrees with
the modification to von Neumann's law predicted by J.E. Avron and D. Levine.
For bubbles with a different number of sides, except possibly seven, there is
too much noise in the growth rate data to demonstrate a difference with
coarsening in flat space. In terms of the statistics of bubble topology, we
find fewer 3, 4, and 5 sided bubbles, and more 6 and greater sided bubbles, in
comparison with the stationary distribution for coarsening in flat space. We
also find good general agreement with the Aboav-Weaire law for the average
number of sides of the neighbors of an n-sided bubble
Low Frequency VLA Observations of Abell 754: Evidence for a Cluster Radio Halo and Possible Radio Relics
We present 74 MHz and 330 MHz VLA observations of Abell 754. Diffuse,
halo-like emission is detected from the center of the cluster at both
frequencies. At 330 MHz the resolution of 90'' distinguishes this extended
emission from previously known point sources. In addition to the halo and at a
much lower level, outlying steep-spectrum emission regions straddle the cluster
center and are seen only at 74 MHz. The location, morphology and spectrum of
this emission are all highly suggestive of at least one, and possibly two
cluster radio relics. Easily obtained higher resolution, higher sensitivity VLA
observations at both frequencies are required to confirm the extended nature of
the halo-like emission and the 74 MHz relic detections. However, since there is
prior evidence that this cluster is or has recently been in the process of a
major merger event, the possible discovery of relics in this system is of great
interest in light of recent observational and theoretical evidence in favor of
a merger-relic connection. We discuss the possible role the merger shock waves,
which are seen in the X-ray emission, may have played in the formation of the
halo and radio relics in A754.Comment: 15 pages including 4 figures. Accepted for publication by Ap
Optimal Covariant Measurement of Momentum on a Half Line in Quantum Mechanics
We cannot perform the projective measurement of a momentum on a half line
since it is not an observable. Nevertheless, we would like to obtain some
physical information of the momentum on a half line. We define an optimality
for measurement as minimizing the variance between an inferred outcome of the
measured system before a measuring process and a measurement outcome of the
probe system after the measuring process, restricting our attention to the
covariant measurement studied by Holevo. Extending the domain of the momentum
operator on a half line by introducing a two dimensional Hilbert space to be
tensored, we make it self-adjoint and explicitly construct a model Hamiltonian
for the measured and probe systems. By taking the partial trace over the newly
introduced Hilbert space, the optimal covariant positive operator valued
measure (POVM) of a momentum on a half line is reproduced. We physically
describe the measuring process to optimally evaluate the momentum of a particle
on a half line.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure
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