Aplicação de Azospirillum brasilense e nitrogênio em cobertura em híbridos de milho

Corn (Zea mays L.) is the most cultivated cereal in the world. The high yields obtained for this crop are mainly linked to nitrogen requirements. Technologies that aim to reduce costs with nitrogen fertilizers, with less environmental impact, such as diazotrophic bacteria, should be considered an advantageous alternative for this crop. The present study aimed to evaluate two corn hybrids, BioGene 7046® and Dekalb 310®, with three topdressing nitrogen doses (0.35 and 70 kg ha-1 of N) associated with four application methods of Azospirillum brasilense (without inoculation, seed inoculation, foliar inoculation, and the combination of inoculation via seeds and leaves). A randomized block design with four replications arranged in a 2x3x4 factorial scheme was used to evaluate variables related to growth and development, physiological analysis of nitrate reductase enzyme activity, and yield variables and their components. The use of Azospirillum brasilense did not affect the development of corn plants and did not increase grain yield. In the edaphoclimatic conditions in which this research was developed, nitrogen fertilization at doses of 35 and 70 kg ha-1 benefit nutrition, development, and corn yield components but are insufficient to increase grain yield.O milho (Zea mays L.) é o cereal mais cultivado no mundo. As altas produtividades obtidas para esta cultura estão ligadas principalmente às exigências ao nitrogênio. Tecnologias que visam à redução dos custos com fertilizantes nitrogenados, com menor impacto ao meio ambiente como a utilização de bactérias diazotróficas devem ser consideradas uma alternativa vantajosa para esta cultura. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar dois híbridos de milho BioGene 7046® e Dekalb 310® com 3 doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (0,35 e 70 kg ha-1 de N) associado com 4 métodos de aplicação de Azospirillum brasilense (sem inoculação, inoculação nas sementes, inoculação foliar e a combinação de inoculação via sementes e folhas). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições com arranjo fatorial 2x3x4 avaliando-se, as variáveis relacionadas ao crescimento e desenvolvimento, análise fisiológica da atividade da enzima redutase do nitrato e variáveis do rendimento e seus componentes. O uso de Azospirillum brasilense não teve efeito no desenvolvimento das plantas de milho e não incrementou a produtividade de grãos. Nas condições edafoclimáticas em que foi desenvolvida essa pesquisa a adubação nitrogenada nas doses de 35 e 70 kg ha-1 beneficiam a nutrição, o desenvolvimento e os componentes da produção do milho, porém não são suficientes para proporcionar incrementos na produtividade de grãos

The distribution of tuberculosis in Porto Alegre: analysis of the magnitude and tuberculosis-HIV coinfection

Objective Analyzing the geographical distribution of the tuberculosis (TB), its incidence and prevalence and TB-HIV coinfection in the districts of Porto Alegre from 2007 to 2011. Method An ecological, descriptive study of time series that used descriptive and geoprocessing techniques. Results In total, were recorded 3,369 incident cases and 3,998 prevalent cases of pulmonary TB. In both contexts, there was predominance of cases in males and in Caucasians. Seventeen districts showed prevalence rates above 79.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants, considering that 15 of them had incidence rates above 73.7 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The TB-HIV coinfection rates reached 67% in some districts, which is above the city average value (30%). Conclusion The distribution analysis showed that the reformulation and restructuring of policies and health services in Porto Alegre are essential

Health services performance for TB treatment in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Researches to evaluate Primary Health Care performance in TB control in Brazil show that different cities aggregate local specificities in the dynamics of coping with the disease. This study aims to evaluate health services' performance in TB treatment in cities across different Brazilian regions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This cross-sectional study was conducted in five cities that are considered priorities for TB control in Brazil: Itaboraí (ITA), Ribeirão Preto (RP) and São José do Rio Preto (SJRP) in the Southeast; Campina Grande (CG) and Feira de Santana (FS) in the Northeast. Data were collected through interviews with 514 TB patients under treatment in 2007, using the <it>Primary Care Assessment Tool </it>adapted for TB care in Brazil. Indicators were constructed based on the mean response scores (Likert scale) and compared among the study sites.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>"Access to treatment" was evaluated as satisfactory in the Southeast and regular in the Northeast, which displayed poor results on 'home visits' and 'distance between treatment site and patient's house'. "Bond" was assessed as satisfactory in all cities, with a slightly better performance in RP and SJRP. "Range of services" was rated as regular, with better performance of southeastern cities. 'Health education', 'DOT' and 'food vouchers' were less offered in the Northeast. "Coordination" was evaluated as satisfactory in all cities. "Family focus" was evaluated as satisfactory in RP and SJRP, and regular in the others. 'Professional asking patient's family about other health problems' was evaluated as unsatisfactory, except in RP.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Two types of obstacles are faced for health service performance in TB treatment in the cities under analysis, mainly in the Northeast. The first is structural and derives from difficulties to access health services and actions. The second is organizational and derives from the way health technologies and services are distributed and integrated. Incentives to improve care organization and management practices, aimed at the integration of primary, secondary and tertiary services, can contribute towards a better performance of health services in TB treatment.</p