POLIMEROS COMO METODOS PARA RECUPERAÇÃO AVANÇADA DE PETRÓLEO

A recuperação terciária ou avançada de petróleo (EOR) com a injeção de soluções diluídas de um polímero nos reservatórios ajuda a deslocar o óleo dos poros atuando na viscosidade do fluido injetado e na molhabilidade. EOR é utilizada especialmente quando aumenta a demanda por petróleo e seus derivados. EOR com polímeros tem sido patenteada desde 1967 e continua até aos dias de hoje em pequenas ondas. Os EUA têm o maior número de patentes. A grandes depositantes são as maiores empresas de petróleo, além da instituição acadêmica Institute Français du Pétrole et Energies Nouvelles. Os inventores mais produtivos são dos EUA, Alemanha e Rússia, mas encontram-se poucas colaborações entre eles, levando a crer que é uma tecnologia de desenvolvimento compartimentalizado

SOIL CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN RESPONSE TO TREE DISTANCE AND SUN-EXPOSED FACES AFTER THE IMPLANTATION OF AN INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK-FORESTRY SYSTEM

ABSTRACT The use of trees in integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems (ICLF) allows diversifying production, increasing profitability per area, and providing a higher animal comfort. However, the influence of tree component on soil chemical attributes in this system is still little studied. This study aimed to assess the effect of trees and sun-exposed faces to solar radiation on soil nutrient availability at different distances of tree rows in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry system. This study was carried out in the northern Mato Grosso State, Brazil, in the Cerrado - Amazon Forest transition region in an ICLF with the tree component formed by three eucalyptus rows. The assessment carried out in the second year of ICLF implantation considered the effect of tree distances (3, 6, 10, and 15 m) on two sun-exposed faces to solar radiation (north and south) on the main soil chemical attributes. Soil sampling was performed at depths of 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.30 m. The results indicated a homogeneity of the average nutrient contents obtained in the north and south-exposed faces, as well as in the comparison of the same distances in both assessed sun-exposed faces. Effects of trees on soil chemical attributes were verified only when an isolated analysis was carried out in the north-exposed face for K and Al contents. For these attributes, the increased distance in the row was associated with a reduction in their contents in the more superficial and deeper layers, respectively. Trees do not significantly affect soil nutrient availability in the first years of ICLF implantation in systems with homogeneity of solar radiation incidence in the sun-exposed faces although there may be discrete nutrient reductions with the distance of trees