RNA-seq studies using wheat PHYTOCHROME B and PHYTOCHROME C mutants reveal shared and specific functions in the regulation of flowering and shade-avoidance pathways

Summary of RNA-seq reads and mapping. Table S2: TopGO analysis for functional enrichment for genes regulated by PHYB, PHYC and in concert by both PHYB and PHYC. Figure S1. Spike and floral organ phenotype of the phyB-null mutant. (a) Whole spike, (b) Single spikelet (c) Separated spikelet and (d) stamen and stigma. (e) Comparison of internode length between 83-day-old phyB-null, phyC-null and wild-type Kronos plants. Leaves have been removed to facilitate visualization of internodes. Nodes are indicated by purple arrows. Bar = 10 cm. Figure S2. Vegetative phenotype of wild-type control, phyB-null and phyC-null plants. (a) Leaf emergence rate, (b) leaf length and (c) width at three different timepoints. * P <0.05; ** P <0.01. Figure S3. Phenotype of four-week old PHYB wild-type, phyB-null, PHYC wild-type and phyC-null plants at the stage of harvest for RNA-seq analysis. Figure S4. Principal Component Analysis of normalized expression values of all genes. (a) All libraries, (b) PHYB libraries and (c) PHYC libraries. Figure S5. Relative transcript levels of six flowering time genes determined by qRT-PCR in wild-type and phyB-null mutants at three stages of development (Leaves from two-week, four-week and six-week-old plants). Expression levels are presented as fold-ACTIN. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. (PDF 537 kb

Genetic and physical mapping of the earliness perse locus Eps - Am1 in Triticum monococcum identifies early flowering 3 (ELF3) as a candidate gene

Wheat cultivars exposed to optimal photoperiod and vernalization treatments still exhibit differences in heading time. This variation, known as earliness per se (Eps), is important for the fine-tuning of flowering and the adaptation to different environments. We previously identified the Eps-Am1 locus from Triticum monococcum and showed that the allele from cultivated accession DV92 significantly delays flowering and increases the number of spikelets per spike relative to the allele from wild accession G3116. We expanded a high-density genetic map and physical map of the Eps-Am1 region and identified the wheat ortholog of circadian clock regulator EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3) as one of the candidate genes. No differences were found in ELF3 transcript levels between NILs carrying the DV92 and G3116 Eps-Am1 alleles, but the encoded ELF3 proteins differed in four amino acids. These differences were associated with altered transcription profiles of PIF-like, PPD1 and FT1, which are known downstream targets of ELF3. Tetraploid wheat lines with combined truncation mutations in the A- and B-genome copies of ELF3 flowered earlier and had less spikelets per spike than the wild type control under SD and LD conditions. Both effects were stronger in the photoperiod sensitive than the photoperiod insensitive background, indicating an epistatic interaction between PPD1 and ELF3. By contrast, the introgression of the T. monococcum chromosome segment carrying Eps-Am1-l allele from DV92 into durum wheat delayed flowering and increased the number of spikelets per spike in the field, providing a novel allele to modulate flowering time and spike development in wheat.Inst. de Recursos BiológicosFil: Alvarez, María Alejandra. University of California. Department of Plant Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Tranquilli, Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; ArgentinaFil: Lewis, Silvina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; ArgentinaFil: Kippes, Nestor. University of California. Department of Plant Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Dubcovsky, Jorge. University of California. Department of Plant Sciences; Estados Unidos. Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Estados Unido

Correction to: Development and characterization of a spring hexaploid wheat line with no functional VRN2 genes.

In the original version of this article, PCR fragments and digestion product sizes for the VRN-B2 and VRN-D2 markers were not accurate. The corrected sizes are detailed below

Correction to: Development and characterization of a spring hexaploid wheat line with no functional VRN2 genes.

In the original version of this article, PCR fragments and digestion product sizes for the VRN-B2 and VRN-D2 markers were not accurate. The corrected sizes are detailed below