Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

The Impact Of A Labor Endorsement On The Voting Behavior Of Rank-And-File Members: A Case Study Of The 1974 General Election In Pennsylvania.

THE PROBLEM. The 197U e le c tio n in Pennsylvania provided a unique opportunity to study th e p o te n tia l impact o f a la b o r endorsement on th e in d iv id u al v o tin g behavior o f ra n k -a n d -file members fo r th e AELCIO endorsed one Democrat and one Republican fo r statew ide o ffic e . ■While th e Democratic endorsement was not unusual, th is was th e f i r s t time in th e h is to ry o f th e lab o r movement th a t a predominantly Democratic union membership had been asked to support a Republican fo r statew ide o ffic e . Thus, th e c e n tra l question o f th is study concerned th e p o te n tia l impact o f a union endorsement on voting behavior. Comments by p o litic a l candidates and e d ito ria ls in newspapers lead one to b e lie v e union endorsements are m eaningless. Additiona lly , th e v o tin g behavior lite r a tu r e in d ic a te s th a t th e most s a lie n t influence on v o tin g behavior i s p arty id e n tific a tio n , thus leading one to conclude th a t union members in th is sample (61.8% o f whom are Democrats) would ignore th e s p li t tic k e t recommendation and vote p a rty