Design of Triple Gate for Sub threshold Low Power applications

A novel design of triple gate MOSFET structure with metal gate and an underlap channel is proposed to minimise the short channel and corner effects. The gate metal used is titanium nitride as well as source and drain is diffused with titanium nitride so as to increase the drive capability of the device. To obtain subthreshold threshold voltage operation of the device, the gates are kept symmetric and the gate electrodes corner segments are rounded off to minimise leakage. The device shows significant improvement over conventional double gate FinFET and triple gate device without gate corner round off device in terms of Ion, Ioff ratio, DIBL, subthreshold slope, rise time, fall time

Designing and implementing an evaluation of a national work support program

10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2011.07.002Evaluation and Program Planning35178-87EPPL

Synthesis and Dielectric Studies of Monoclinic Nanosized Zirconia

Zirconium dioxide is a prospective high-κ material that can replace silicon dioxide. Zirconium dioxide nanoparticle has been synthesized using sol-gel process at room temperature. The structural and morphological characterization of the nanoscaled zirconium dioxide is done using FTIR, SEM, X-ray diffraction, and TEM. The particle size of the synthesized ZrO2 is observed in the range of 50–80 nm with an average crystallite size of 2–10 nm. The results are compared with commercial coarse zirconia which showed a particle size in the range of 900 nm–2.13 µm and crystallite size of 5.3 nm–20 nm. It is expected that both nanoscaling and the high dielectric constant of ZrO2 would be useful in replacing the low-κ SiO2 dielectric with high-κ ZrO2 for CMOS fabrication technology. The synthesized ZrO2 is subjected to impedance analysis and it exhibited a dielectric constant of 25 to find its application in short channel devices like multiple gate FinFETS and as a suitable alternative for the conventional gate oxide dielectric SiO2 with dielectric value of 3.9, which cannot survive the challenge of an end of oxide thickness ≤ 1 nm

A method for evaluating transport energy consumption in suburban areas

peer reviewedUrban sprawl is a major issue for sustainable development. It represents a significant contribution to energy consumption of a territory especially due to transportation requirements. However, transport energy consumption is rarely taken into account when the sustainability of suburban structures is studied. In this context, the paper presents a method to estimate transport energy consumption in residential suburban areas. The study aimed, on this basis, at highlighting the most efficient strategies needed to promote awareness and to give practical hints on how to reduce transport energy consumption linked to urban sprawl in existing and future suburban neighborhoods. The method uses data collected by using empirical surveys and GIS. An application of this method is presented concerning the comparison of four suburban districts located in Belgium to demonstrate the advantages of the approach. The influence of several parameters, such as distance to work places and services, use of public transport and performance of the vehicles, are then discussed to allow a range of different development situations to be explored. The results of the case studies highlight that travelled distances, and thus a good mix between activities at the living area scale, are of primordial importance for the energy performance, whereas means of transport used is only of little impact. Improving the performance of the vehicles and favoring home-work give also significant energy savings. The method can be used when planning new areas or retrofitting existing ones, as well as promoting more sustainable life styles regarding transport habits.SAFE (Suburban Areas Favoring Energy efficiency

Estimation of Automobile Emissions and Control Strategies in India

Rapid, but unplanned urban development and the consequent urban sprawl coupled with economic growth have aggravated auto dependency in India over the last two decades. This has resulted in congestion and pollution in cities. The central and state Governments have taken many ameliorative measures to reduce vehicular emissions. However, evolution of scientific methods for accurate emission inventory is crucial. Therefore, an attempt has been made to estimate the emissions (running and start) from on-road vehicles in Chennai using IVE model in this paper. GPS was used to collect driving patterns.The estimated emissions from motor vehicles in Chennai in 2005 were 431, 119, 46, 6 and 4575 tons/days respectively for CO, VOC, NOx, PM and CO2. It is observed from the results that air quality in Chennai has degraded. The estimation revealed that two and three-wheelers emitted about 64 percent of the total CO emissions and heavy-duty vehicles accounted for more than 60 percent and 36 percent of the NOx and PM emissions respectively. About 19 percent of total emissions were that of start emissions. The estimated health damage cost of automobile emissions in Chennai is Rs. 6488.16 million (US$162.20 million). This paper has further examined various mitigation options to reduce vehicular emissions. The Study has concluded that advanced vehicular technology and augmentation of public transit would have significant impact on reducing vehicular emissions

Impact of Real-World Driving Characteristics on Vehicular Emissions

With increase in traffic volume and change in travel related characteristics, vehicular emissions and energy consumption have increased significantly since two decades in India. Current models are not capable of estimating vehicular emissions accurately due to inadequate representation of real-world driving. The focus of this paper is to understand the level of Indian Driving Cycle (IDC) in representing the real-world driving and to assess the impact of real-world driving on vehicular emissions. The study has revealed that IDC does not represent the real-world driving. Irrespective of road classes, about 30% of time is spent below 20 km/h and the speed too exceeds IDC's maximum limit of 42 km/h. Emissions are estimated for different driving patterns using International Vehicle Emission (IVE) model. Emission rates vary significantly from one class of road to another and the largest effect is on local streets

Impact of Real-World Driving Characteristics on Vehicular Emissions

With increase in traffic volume and change in travel related characteristics, vehicular emissions and energy consumption have increased significantly since two decades in India. Current models are not capable of estimating vehicular emissions accurately due to inadequate representation of real-world driving. The focus of this paper is to understand the level of Indian Driving Cycle (IDC) in representing the real-world driving and to assess the impact of real-world driving on vehicular emissions. The study has revealed that IDC does not represent the real-world driving. Irrespective of road classes, about 30% of time is spent below 20 km/h and the speed too exceeds IDC's maximum limit of 42 km/h. Emissions are estimated for different driving patterns using International Vehicle Emission (IVE) model. Emission rates vary significantly from one class of road to another and the largest effect is on local streets

Policy Implications of Incorporating Hybrid Vehicles into High-Occupancy Vehicle Lanes

Abstract: High-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes have been regarded as a cost-effective and environmental friendly option to help move people along congested routes. In spite of wide adaptation of policies, the effectiveness of HOV systems has been criticized for its under-utilization. A California statewide policy that allows hybrid vehicles to use HOV lanes was adopted under the expectation that vehicular emissions would be reduced by encouraging drivers to use fuel efficient vehicles as well traffic congestion would be eased through the more efficient use of the reserved capacity on the HOV lanes. To test the validity of this expectation, the impacts of the policy on the freeway network in Orange County, California was investigated using a method that combines a traditional planning model for demand estimation and analysis with a calibrated microscopic simulation model for accurate measures of system performance. The policy was analyzed in terms of overall system performance, corridor level performance and air quality. The key findings from this study are that the policy can be expected to have significant negative impact on HOV lanes that do not have reserve capacity. The maximum number of hybrid vehicles that the Orange County HOV system can absorb without significant degradation is about 50,000, and within this limitation, the policy can be expected to be successful in reducing emissions by allowing hybrid vehicles into HOV lanes

Impact Of Real-World Driving Characteristics On Vehicular Emissions

With increase in traffic volume and change in travel related characteristics, vehicular emissions and energy consumption have increased significantly since two decades in India. Current models are not capable of estimating vehicular emissions accurately due to inadequate representation of real-world driving. The focus of this paper is to understand the level of Indian Driving cycle (IDC) in representing the real-world driving and to assess the impact of real-world driving on vehicular emissions.The study has revealed that IDC does not represent the real-world driving. Irrespective of road classes, about 30% of time is spent below 20 km/hr and the speed too exceeds IDC’s maximum limit of 42 km/hr. Emissions are estimated for different driving patterns using International Vehicle Emission (IVE) model. Emission rates vary significantly from one class of road to another and the largest effect is on local streets

Synthesis and Characterisation of Metal Hydrazine Nitrate, Azide and Perchlorate Complexes

Metal hydrazine nitrate complexes of the type M(N2H4)Nn (NO3)2 where M = Mg, n = 2; M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn and Cd and n = 3; metal dihydrazine azide complexes of the type M(N2H4)2 (N3)2 where M = Mg, Co, Ni and Zn; and Mg(N2H4)2 (C1O4)2 have been prepared by dissolving the respective metal powders in the solution of corresponding ammonium salts (NO3, N3 and C1O4) in hydrazine hydrate. These hydrazine complexes were also prepared by the conventional method involving the addition of alcoholic hydrazine hydrate to the aqueous solution of metal salts. The hydrazine complexes have been characterised by chemical analysis, infrared spectra and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Impact sensitivities of hydrazine complexes were determined by the drop weight method. The reactivity of these hydrazine complexes does not change with the method of preparation