Brain temperature mean values

<p>Values are reported as °C (group mean), in parentheses SD.</p><p>Values are rounded at 0.20 °C steps.</p><p>Brain temperature mean values</p

MR brain spectra acquisition for temperature measurement.

<p>On the x axis time is represented (minutes). The bars show the time during which each spectrum is acquired, at rest, during visual stimulation and recovery. Each bar corresponds to one spectrum and to one temperature measurement. The entire study takes 18.5 minutes for each subject.</p

Visual cortex spectrum and brain temperature measurement.

<p>Voxel of 20x20x10 mm centred on the calcarine sulcus of a subject (A) from which a 1H MR unfitted spectrum (B) is obtained. Spectra acquisition parameters: PRESS sequence, TR 2000 ms, TE 270 ms. The MR signals corresponding to water and N-Acetyl-Aspartate are identified (respectively H2O and NAA). The chemical shift used for temperature calculations is shown by arrows. (C) shows the centrum semiovale voxel of 20x20x10 mm.</p

Comparison between fiber optic thermometry and MRS thermometry in a brain-like phantom.

<p>The first row reports fiber optic measured phantom <u>temperatures,</u> the second row reports MRS measured phantom temperatures. Temperatures are reported in °C.</p><p>Comparison between fiber optic thermometry and MRS thermometry in a brain-like phantom.</p

Visual cortex brain temperature single values.

<p>Each of the 20 rows corresponds to a different subject: for each patient brain temperature in the visual cortex is reported through the five different states (rest, first part of visual stimulation, second part of visual stimulation, first part of recovery, second part of recovery).</p><p>Visual cortex brain temperature single values.</p

omegaMap_alignments

complement bacterial-encoded interactors alignment file

Chimpanzee_variants

Variants identified in chimpanzee

Diverse selective regimes shape genetic diversity at <i>ADAR</i> genes and at their coding targets

<div><p>A-to-I RNA editing operated by ADAR enzymes is extremely common in mammals. Several editing events in coding regions have pivotal physiological roles and affect protein sequence (recoding events) or function. We analyzed the evolutionary history of the 3 <i>ADAR</i> family genes and of their coding targets. Evolutionary analysis indicated that <i>ADAR</i> evolved adaptively in primates, with the strongest selection in the unique N-terminal domain of the interferon-inducible isoform. Positively selected residues in the human lineage were also detected in the ADAR deaminase domain and in the RNA binding domains of ADARB1 and ADARB2. During the recent history of human populations distinct variants in the 3 genes increased in frequency as a result of local selective pressures. Most selected variants are located within regulatory regions and some are in linkage disequilibrium with eQTLs in monocytes. Finally, analysis of conservation scores of coding editing sites indicated that editing events are counter-selected within regions that are poorly tolerant to change. Nevertheless, a minority of recoding events occurs at highly conserved positions and possibly represents the functional fraction. These events are enriched in pathways related to HIV-1 infection and to epidermis/hair development. Thus, both <i>ADAR</i> genes and their targets evolved under variable selective regimes, including purifying and positive selection. Pressures related to immune response likely represented major drivers of evolution for <i>ADAR</i> genes. As for their coding targets, we suggest that most editing events are slightly deleterious, although a minority may be beneficial and contribute to antiviral response and skin homeostasis.</p></div

Complement_gene_alignments

Primates Multispecies alignments used in the evolutionary analyse

Haplotype_table

List of haplotypes identified in 40 Asian chromosome