Vascular healing : cell biology and rheologic factors

Issued as Progress report summary, Project E-25-614 (continued by Project no. E-25-M80

Coronary fluid dynamics

Issued as Progress report, and Final report, Project no. E-25-69

Measuring temporal gravitational variations using SLR data

Redistribution of mass within the Earth system changes its gravitational field, and thus changes the orbits of Earth satellites. While these variations are small, Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) to precise geodetic satellites such as Lageos-1, Lageos-2, Starlette, Ajisai, and Stella can detect these changes at their broadest spatial scales (currently greater than 10,000 km). The satellites sense only the combined variation in the solid Earth-ocean-atmosphere system; however, modeling of these different components has led to detection of long-wavelength variations in the distribution of atmospheric mass, changes in the amplitudes of atmospheric and oceanic tides, and secular variations caused by the post-glacial adjustment of the Earth's crust. The unambiguous detection of ocean mass redistribution by SLR has not been verified due largely to inadequacies in current ocean models. Great progress has been made in recent years in the determination of luni-solar tides and the braking they induce in the Earth-Moon-Sun system (leading to secular changes in the length-to-day and lengthening of the lunar orbit period) using a wide variety of techniques including ocean tide gauges, satellite altimetry, Lunar Laser Ranging, and near-Earth satellite orbit modeling. Recent investigations of the more complex and less predictable non-tidal temporal variations in the gravity field have generally proceeded along two fronts: 1) the determination of long-wavelength variations in the gravity field through the changing perturbations seen in the orbits of near-Earth satellites, and 2) the prediction of temporal variations in gravity using geophysical, atmospheric, and oceanic models. A convergence of these efforts is sought to better understand the source of observed changes in the Earth's gravitational field

Georgia Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center - project no. 2 (year 04)

Issued as Research proposal, Project E-25-L5

Contributions of Greenland and Antarctica to Global and Regional Sea Level Change

While it is well known that the accelerating melting of the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica will increasingly raise global mean sea levels, it is less widely understood how the addition of meltwater from these ice sheets will affect regional patterns of sea level rise. The transfer of water mass from the ice sheets to the ocean will alter Earth's gravity field and rotation, resulting in local changes in sea levels. On time scales from months to decades, the addition of freshwater at high latitudes will alter the mean ocean circulation through a variety of mechanisms that will also alter regional rates of sea level change. The current ocean observing system, including radar and laser altimeters, satellite gravity missions, and the Argo network of profiling floats, has demonstrated the ability to close the sea level budget since 2005, confirming the contributions of ice sheets to contemporary sea level rise. The planned observing system will be capable of monitoring the regional variability of sea level change, which should help improve future projections

Satellite Altimetry: The Technology and its Application in Geodesy

Radarska satelitska altimetrija metoda je prikupljanja globalnih visokopreciznih podataka o razini mora u odnosu na odabrani geocentrični referentni okvir. Opažanja satelitskom altimetrijom omogućuju određivanje oblika i veličine Zemlje te računanje Zemljina polja ubrzanja sile teže što su i osnovne geodetske zadaće zadane definicijom geodezije. Mjerenja promjene srednje razine mora prikupljena satelitskom altimetrijom služe kao izravni pokazatelj djelovanja klimatskih promjena i drugih geofizičkih procesa na Zemlji, a primijenjena su i za definiranje visinskih sustava na kopnu i moru, izradu karata dubina, procjenu vertikalnih gibanja obalnih područja i sl. U ovom radu detaljno je prikazan osnovni koncept tehnologije uz primijenjene principe obrade radarskih opažanja. Poseban je naglasak na prikazu i analizi korekcija altimetrijskih opažanja potrebnih zbog propagacije signala kroz atmosferu te utjecaja geofizičkih fenomena vodenih površina na odaslani signal. Rad detaljno prikazuje razvoj tehnologije kroz tri faze uz analizu doprinosa svake te opisuje smjernice budućeg razvoja tehnologije. Naposljetku, prikazani su proizvodi satelitske altimetrije dostupni za primjenu u geodetske svrhe kao što su modeli anomalija ubrzanja sile teže, dubina, trendova srednje promjene razine mora i drugi.Radar satellite altimetry is a method that enables obtaining the global high-precision sea level data related to desired geocentric reference frame. Satellite altimeter observations enable efficient solving of the main geodetic tasks addressed by the definition of geodesy, which include measuring the Earth\u27s size and shape as well as the determination of the Earth’s gravitational field. The measurements obtained by satellite altimeters are direct indicator of the Earth’s response to climate change and other geophysical phenomena. The obtained data are used for determination of the height systems over the land and the sea, bathymetric map making, estimation of vertical land motion etc. This paper presents the basic concept of satellite altimeter technology along with principal principles of altimeter data processing. A special attention was paid to the review and analysis of the altimeter data corrections due to signal propagation through the atmosphere and the influence of geophysical phenomena on the emitted signal. Further, the study reviews in detail the development of technology through three phases, analyzing the contribution of each and describing the guidelines for future technology development. Finally, the study shows the products derived from satellite altimetry currently available for utilization in geodetic applications such as the models of gravity field, bathymetry, sea level trends, and others

Satellite Altimetry: The Technology and its Application in Geodesy

Radarska satelitska altimetrija metoda je prikupljanja globalnih visokopreciznih podataka o razini mora u odnosu na odabrani geocentrični referentni okvir. Opažanja satelitskom altimetrijom omogućuju određivanje oblika i veličine Zemlje te računanje Zemljina polja ubrzanja sile teže što su i osnovne geodetske zadaće zadane definicijom geodezije. Mjerenja promjene srednje razine mora prikupljena satelitskom altimetrijom služe kao izravni pokazatelj djelovanja klimatskih promjena i drugih geofizičkih procesa na Zemlji, a primijenjena su i za definiranje visinskih sustava na kopnu i moru, izradu karata dubina, procjenu vertikalnih gibanja obalnih područja i sl. U ovom radu detaljno je prikazan osnovni koncept tehnologije uz primijenjene principe obrade radarskih opažanja. Poseban je naglasak na prikazu i analizi korekcija altimetrijskih opažanja potrebnih zbog propagacije signala kroz atmosferu te utjecaja geofizičkih fenomena vodenih površina na odaslani signal. Rad detaljno prikazuje razvoj tehnologije kroz tri faze uz analizu doprinosa svake te opisuje smjernice budućeg razvoja tehnologije. Naposljetku, prikazani su proizvodi satelitske altimetrije dostupni za primjenu u geodetske svrhe kao što su modeli anomalija ubrzanja sile teže, dubina, trendova srednje promjene razine mora i drugi.Radar satellite altimetry is a method that enables obtaining the global high-precision sea level data related to desired geocentric reference frame. Satellite altimeter observations enable efficient solving of the main geodetic tasks addressed by the definition of geodesy, which include measuring the Earth\u27s size and shape as well as the determination of the Earth’s gravitational field. The measurements obtained by satellite altimeters are direct indicator of the Earth’s response to climate change and other geophysical phenomena. The obtained data are used for determination of the height systems over the land and the sea, bathymetric map making, estimation of vertical land motion etc. This paper presents the basic concept of satellite altimeter technology along with principal principles of altimeter data processing. A special attention was paid to the review and analysis of the altimeter data corrections due to signal propagation through the atmosphere and the influence of geophysical phenomena on the emitted signal. Further, the study reviews in detail the development of technology through three phases, analyzing the contribution of each and describing the guidelines for future technology development. Finally, the study shows the products derived from satellite altimetry currently available for utilization in geodetic applications such as the models of gravity field, bathymetry, sea level trends, and others

FROM THE GUEST EDITORS. Introduction to the Special Issue on Ocean-Ice Interaction

The end of 2016 is an uneasy moment for climate science in the United States. With a new Administration and a new Congress arriving in January 2017, future support for climate science and observing systems is uncertain. Against this backdrop, this special issue of Oceanographyon ocean-ice interaction is timely. Although it was not our intent to highlight climate change, the fragile nature of Earth’s cryosphere and how it is responding to a warming world are essential parts of each article. Many aspects of the shrinking cryosphere are not yet understood, but the research described in these pages points to larger-than-anticipated—and alarming—changes to the planet’s large ice sheets, with associated future increases in global sea levels. Importantly, the articles in this special issue demonstrate the value to society of continuing vigorous scientific research that will enable us to better understand our planet’s rapidly changing polar environments