Predicting air pollution in Tehran: Genetic algorithm and back propagation neural network

Suspended particles have deleterious effects on human health and one of the reasons why Tehran is effected is its geographically location of air pollution. One of the most important ways to reduce air pollution is to predict the concentration of pollutants. This paper proposed a hybrid method to predict the air pollution in Tehran based on particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM10), and the information and data of Aghdasiyeh Weather Quality Control Station and Mehrabad Weather Station from 2007 to 2013. Generally, 11 inputs have been inserted to the model, to predict the daily concentration of PM10. For this purpose, Artificial Neural Network with Back Propagation (BP) with a middle layer and sigmoid activation function and its hybrid with Genetic Algorithm (BP-GA) were used and ultimately the performance of the proposed method was compared with basic Artificial Neural Networks along with (BP) Based on the criteria of - R2-, RMSE and MAE.  The finding shows that BP-GA   has higher accuracy and performance. In addition, it was also found that the results are more accurate for shorter time periods and this is because the large fluctuation of data in long-term returns negative effect on network performance. Also, unregistered data have negative effect on predictions. Microsoft Excel and Matlab 2013 conducted the simulations

Nutrient use efficiency and nutrient uptake promoting of rice by potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB)

The current study was carried out in both pot and field conditions to investigate the effects of three KSB strains of Pantoea agglomerans, Rahnella aquatilis and Pseudomonas orientalis on nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) uptake, nutrient use efficiency parameters and nutrients remobilization in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Pajohesh). The experiments included 15 treatments of KSB inoculations, commercial K biofertilizer and K chemical fertilizer. The results showed that the inoculums of all three KSB strains increased the K, N and P uptake by grain and straw, especially when applied in combination with ½ K chemical fertilizer (47.5 Kg/ha) as compared to the control treatment. The highest value of available K in the soil obtained from NPK chemical fertilizer equal to 140.1 and 134.6 mg K per kg of soil in the pot and field experiments, respectively, which were significantly higher than KSB inoculations treatments. Bacterial inoculums coupled with ½ K chemical fertilizer also enhanced the nutrient use efficiency (including agronomic efficiency (AE), apparent recovery efficiency (ARE), physiological efficiency (PE), agro-physiological efficiency (APE), internal utilization efficiency (UE), partial factor productivity (PFP), partial nutrient balance (PNB)) and nutrient remobilization. The results indicated that the bioinoculation with these KSB strains isolated from soil paddy could be considered as an effective way to increase potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by rice plant and enhance their use efficiency and remobilization to grains in the flooding irrigation conditions

Influence of heat input on microstructure and mechanical properties of gas tungsten arc welded HSLA S500MC steel joints

High-strength low alloy (HSLA) S500MC steel is widely used for chassis components, structural parts, and pressure vessels. In this study, the effects of heat input during automatic gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) on microstructure and mechanical properties of thermomechanically controlled processed (TMP) S500MC steel were investigated. A butt joint configuration was used, and welding was performed in autogenous mode. Six different levels of heat input namely 1.764 kJ/mm, 1.995 kJ/mm, 2.035 kJ/mm, 2.132 kJ/mm, 2.229 kJ/mm, and 2.33 kJ/mm were considered. Microstructural investigations revealed a different microstructure than base metal in the fusion zone (FZ) of all welded joints which was most likely due to a lath martensitic microstructure surrounded by retained austenite. With increased heat input, the amount of retained austenite and the size of packets increased. In the heat-affected zone (HAZ), two distinct regions of coarse grain (CG-HAZ) and fine grain (FG-HAZ) were observed. Due to the presence of carbides in the HAZ, mostly a martensitic microstructure with smaller packets, compared to FZ, was formed. By increasing the heat input and through the dissolution of carbides, the dimension of packets increased. Due to microstructural changes and grain growth, in both the FZ and the HAZ, the mechanical properties produced by TMP were lost in these regions. However, failure occurred in the base metal of all samples with a maximum tensile strength of 690 MPa. Thus, tensile strength in the weld zone and HAZ were higher than the base metal even for the highest heat input indicating the formation of a good joint between S500MC plates with GTAW, regardless of heat input

Feature selection method based on chaotic maps and butterfly optimization algorithm

Feature selection (FS) is a challenging problem that attracted the attention of many researchers. FS can be considered as an NP hard problem, If dataset contains N features then 2N solutions are generated with each additional feature, the complexity doubles. To solve this problem, we reduce the dimensionality of the feature by extracting the most important features. In this paper we integrate the chaotic maps in the standard butterfly optimization algorithm to increase the diversity and avoid trapping in local minima in this algorithm.. The proposed algorithm is called Chaotic Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (CBOA).The performance of the proposed CBOA is investigated by applying it on 16 benchmark datasets and comparing it against six meta-heuristics algorithms. The results show that invoking the chaotic maps in the standard BOA can improve its performance with accuracy more than 95%

Transforming polymorphic process model to petri net: a formal way for validating workflow-based web service composition

Workflow-based web service composition (WB-WSC) is one of the four main categories of web service composition approaches. This category lacks supporting quality of services (QoS). Polymorphic Process Model (PPM) is a WB-WSC that supports both reference process and service-based multi-enterprises processes. Through this paper an initial work was proposed in which PPM was transformed lo Petri Net. Also the final Petri Net model was evaluated structurally. It was also shown that how Petri Net can help to calculate the quality of service in a WB-WSC approach

Introducing of tissue culture protocol in Iranian ox tongue flower (Echium amoenum Fisch & Mey.)

ABSTRACT Hypocotyl segments of Iranian ox tongue flower were cultured on MS medium supplemented with several concentrations of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic acid (2, 4-D) ranging from 0.0-3.0 mg l -1 . Response to callus induction differed according to the levels of hormonal treatments. 2, 4-D (1.5 mg l -1 ) induced groth of compact, green callus whereas other levels 2, 4-D produced poorly developed callus. Embryogenic callus were transferred to the medium supplemented with different combinations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) at levels of 0.0/0.0, 0.1/0.5, 0.5/0.9, 0.9/1.3, 1.3/1.7 and 1.7/2.1 mg l -1 , respectively. More than 50% of the callus cultured on the medium supplemented with BAP (1.3 mg l -1 ) with NAA 1.7 mg l -1 regenerated into plantlets

Common Law and its Role in the Derivation of Canonical Rules

Abstract Many of the legal principles, rules of jurisprudence and religious decrees are based on the appearance of verses and hadiths and one of the most appropriate references for judging appearance is common law. Reasons underlying necessary religious rules, forbidding evil acts, the right application of Quranic verses and hadiths all rest on common law. An investigation of Islamic jurisprudence literature reveals that sunnite scholars point to common law using the terms urf and aadat. These terms has also been current in Shiite jurisprudence literature up until two centuries ago. Then, terms become current. Shiite scholars have usually used the terms Sireh Oqala and Targheh Oqala (ways of the wise) to refer to to this practice. This article mentions the conditions for the validity of common law and common-law practices. The Shiite and the Sunnite do not agree on common law as a final proof. Sunnite scholars, particularly the Hanafiâs, consider common law the final proof and widely depend on it. There are three points of view among Shiite scholars: some believe that common law is essential and does not need the approval of the tegislator some believe that there is no difference between the decrees of the common law and those of the reason and some others believe that the validity of the common law depends on the approval of the legislator. This article attempts to show the influence the common law has on Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian legal system