Genome-Wide Identification and Mapping of NBS-Encoding Resistance Genes in Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja

The majority of disease resistance (R) genes identified to date in plants encode a nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain containing protein. Additional domains such as coiled-coil (CC) and TOLL/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains can also be present. In the recently sequenced Solanum tuberosum group phureja genome we used HMM models and manual curation to annotate 435 NBS-encoding R gene homologs and 142 NBS-derived genes that lack the NBS domain. Highly similar homologs for most previously documented Solanaceae R genes were identified. A surprising ∼41% (179) of the 435 NBS-encoding genes are pseudogenes primarily caused by premature stop codons or frameshift mutations. Alignment of 81.80% of the 577 homologs to S. tuberosum group phureja pseudomolecules revealed non-random distribution of the R-genes; 362 of 470 genes were found in high density clusters on 11 chromosomes

Reston and Zaire Ebolavirus Life cycle and host cellular response: a comparative study

Ebolaviruses are negative strand RNA viruses which are known to cause Ebola virus disease (EVD) with a fatal outcome in primates. All five species of Ebolavirus can infect humans, but only four lead to EVD. The Ebolavirus with the most provoked outbreaks and highest fatality rate (above 80%) is Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), while the one without any provoke symptoms in humans is Reston ebolavirus (RESTV). In order to determine the features which lead to the different outcomes from EBOV and RESTV the cellular response against these viruses, and the divergence between RESTV and EBOV life cycle inside human cells was investigated. To study the cellular response RNA of two human cell lines (HuH7 and THP1) infected with RESTV, EBOV and uninfected (Mock) at two different time points was analyzed. Using whole transcriptome screening with smallRNAseq, Microarray, de novo annotation and expression profiles it was possible to elucidate that the cellular response against RESTV and EBOV infection differs the most at 3 h p.i., this was consistent in HuH7 and THP1 cell lines. The transcriptomic study showed RESTV and EBOV stimulate a distinct set of genes related to cellular entry. Also, the transcriptomic data suggests EBOV transcribes and replicates faster than RESTV, supported by cellular components like snoRNAs, while RESTV is similar to Mock in this aspect. This finding was backed with an entry assay which showed EBOV releases its content into the cytosol faster than RESTV, pointing to differences in entry pathway or a better time controlled response from the cell against RESTV. To understand the life cycle of RESTV and EBOV in human cells transcription/replication, inclusion bodies, nucleocapsid (NC) transport, viral particle formation, and infection was studied. Selected genes which were differentially expressed between RESTV and EBOV infected cells were further analyzed on the virus life cycle context

Peru: analisis de la informacion de historia de embarazos de la Encuesta Nacional de Fecundidad, 1977-1978

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Estrategia de marketing para la promoción del destino turístico en Perú Kuélap y la ruta Chacha

El presente trabajo propone un Plan de Marketing para la promoción y difusión del destino Turístico en el Perú: Kuélap y la Ruta Chacha Perú es un país más que explota el turismo cultural en el mercado y que lleva algunos años de desventaja frente a otros países de Latinoamérica, sin embargo, recientemente viene tomando una clara ruta de expansión a nivel mundial, por lo que es necesario estructurar un plan de marketing con objetivos claros y realizables, el cual se basa en fundamentos teóricos y lineamientos generales explicados en los capítulos 1 y 2. En el capítulo 3 se dan a conocer en detalle las características que hacen al destino investigado un bien diferenciado y de calidad. El capítulo 4 expone un análisis del entorno macroeconómico del país y de la demanda turística, tanto interna como externa. La recopilación de información cualitativa y obtención de datos históricos fue muy importante ya que contribuyó a confirmar el crecimiento permanente de la demanda turística en el Perú a través de los años, así como también, realizar proyecciones de demanda turística bajo dos escenarios: el primero con información histórica del número de visitas a la Ciudadela de Kuélap, y el segundo como un porcentaje de las visitas a Machu Picchu, referente del turismo cultural en el país. Para un eficaz desarrollo del turismo cultural se deberá tener en cuenta cual es el segmento objetivo al que nos orientamos. Para ello, en el capítulo 5 se explica el perfil del turista y se menciona como, utilizando la segmentación por beneficios, se logra mejores resultados, ya que los consumidores dan mayor importancia a los atributos que consideran que mejor satisfacen sus necesidades.Tesi

MEME analysis of NBS and LRR regions between CC(I) and CC(II) proteins.

<p>(<b>a</b>) NBS domain analysis. Different color boxes represent different subdomains. CC(I) and CC(II) were analyzed separately. Even though CC(II) has two different configurations, (subdomains 7-4 and 8-2) they are clustered together due to strong similarities on principal subdomains (P-loop, kinases and GLPL. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034775#pone.0034775.s005" target="_blank">Figure S5</a>). (<b>b</b>) Predominant LRR motifs are also different between these two groups; CC(I) proteins have smaller and more abundant LRR. Different color letters represent amino acid belonging to different families.</p

Distribution of <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> group <i>phureja</i> sequences that are predicted to encode NBS resistance proteins.

<p>Gray bars represent all 12 linkage groups in potato. Boxes across each bar designate the location of each gene. Color code: CNL (green), TNL (red) or a partial NBS gene (yellow). Distance in Megabases is shown at the top of each column.</p

Number of Solanum tuberosum group phureja genes that encode NBS-domains with homology to plant resistance proteins.

<p>Number of Solanum tuberosum group phureja genes that encode NBS-domains with homology to plant resistance proteins.</p

Rpi-vnt1 cluster structure.

<p>(<b>a</b>) This cluster is positioned at ∼50 Mb in chromosome 9. The exact position of each gene-model is represented by a green rectangle. For reference we include the relative expression of each gene as obtained by RNAseq of leaves in normal condition and leaves infected with <i>Phytophthora infestans</i>. As these genes encode homologs to an Rpi protein we expected that the expression would increase during infection. (<b>b</b>) Structure of the proteins encoded by the genes in (<b>a</b>). At the top we can see a representation of the reference Rpi-vnt1 gene. All the genes presented are encoded within the cluster except for PGSC0003DMG400020584 that is placed at position 33 kb of the same scaffold. These proteins share a very high homology with the reference protein.</p